Ethical guidelines for publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle: update 2021.

The Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle (JCSM) aims to publish articles with relevance to wasting disorders and illnesses of the muscle in the broadest sense. In order to avoid publication of inappropriate articles and to avoid protracted disputes, the Editors have established ethical guidelines that detail a number of regulations to be fulfilled prior to submission to the journal. This article updates the principles of ethical authorship and publishing in JCSM and its two daughter journals JCSM Rapid Communication and JCSM Clinical Reports. We require the corresponding author, on behalf of all co-authors, to certify adherence to the following principles: All authors listed on a manuscript considered for publication have approved its submission and (if accepted) approve publication in the journal; Each named author has made a material and independent contribution to the work submitted for publication; No person who has a right to be recognized as author has been omitted from the list of authors on the submitted manuscript; The submitted work is original and is neither under consideration elsewhere nor that it has been published previously in whole or in part other than in abstract form; All authors certify that the submitted work is original and does not contain excessive overlap with prior or contemporaneous publication elsewhere, and where the publication reports on cohorts, trials, or data that have been reported on before the facts need to be acknowledged and these other publications must be referenced; All original research work has been approved by the relevant bodies such as institutional review boards or ethics committees; All relevant conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, that may affect the authors' ability to present data objectively, and relevant sources of funding of the research in question have been duly declared in the manuscript; All authors certify that they will submit the original source data to the editorial office upon request; The manuscript in its published form will be maintained on the servers of the journal as a valid publication only as long as all statements in these guidelines remain true; If any of the aforementioned statements ceases to be true, the authors have a duty to notify as soon as possible the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, so that the available information regarding the published article can be updated and/or the manuscript can be withdrawn.

The Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle (JCSM) is a peer‐reviewed international journal dedicated to publishing materials that are related to cachexia and sarcopenia as well as to body composition and its physiological and pathophysiological changes during the life span and in different illnesses from all fields of the life sciences. JCSM was founded in 2010 and has attracted interest by both clinicians and researchers, which is buttressed by increasing download numbers, citations, submissions, and by an increasing impact factor. , Submissions to JCSM are now coming from the entire globe. , ,

The authors of these ethical guidelines, who are editing four peer‐reviewed journals including—besides JCSM—the two daughter journals of JCSM, that is JCSM Clinical Reports and JCSM Rapid Communications as well as ESC Heart Failure, share the view that academic publishing depends, to a great extent, on trust between authors, reviewers, editors, and the academic and lay public. , , Scientific publications are made in an environment of many competing interests that may be commercial (in many different ways), intellectual, and/or political in nature. Some of these competing interests create conflicts of interest. In this context, the Editors of JCSM see it as their duty to promote transparency and research integrity. And, as this is an ongoing effort, we wish to recall the validity and update the statements on ethical publishing made by us before. , , ,

All authors wishing to publish in JCSM and its two daughter journals JCSM Clinical Reports and JCSM Rapid Communications are required to certify that they comply with the guidelines of publishing in JCSM outlined in the succeeding text. This should be performed by stating as part of the published manuscript that ‘All authors of this manuscript comply with the guidelines of ethical authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle’, providing reference to these guidelines by referencing this article, for example by referencing it in brackets or as part of the list of references. Specifically, the corresponding author, on behalf of all co‐authors,

Certifies that all authors listed on a manuscript considered for publication have approved its submission and (if accepted) approve publication in JCSM as provided;

Certifies that each named author has made a material and independent contribution to the work submitted for publication—authorship credit should be based only on, first a substantial contribution to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, and second drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content;

Certifies that no person who has a right to be recognized as author has been omitted from the list of authors on the submitted manuscript;

Certifies that the submitted work is original and is neither under consideration elsewhere nor that it has been published previously in whole or in part other than in abstract form;

Certifies that all authors certify that the submitted work is original and does not contain excessive overlap with prior or contemporaneous publication elsewhere, and where the publication reports on cohorts, trials, or data that have been reported on before the facts need to be acknowledged and these other publications must be referenced (of note, the degree of overlap and difference must be fully described and justified; excessive overlap that is not justified in a cover letter will lead to rejection or withdrawal of the manuscript);

Certifies that all original research work has been approved by the relevant bodies such as institutional review boards or ethics committees (of note, this rule is not applicable for review articles or editorial comments that give reference to other people's work);

Certifies that all relevant conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, that may affect the authors' ability to present data objectively, and relevant sources of funding of the research in question have been duly declared in the manuscript;

All authors certify that they will submit the original source data to the editorial office upon request; 1

Certifies that the manuscript in its published form will be maintained on the servers of JCSM as a valid publication only as long as all statements in the guidelines on ethical publishing remain true;

If any of the aforementioned statements ceases to be true, the authors have a duty to notify as soon as possible the Editors of JCSM, JCSM Rapid Communication, and JCSM Clinical Reports, respectively, so that the available information regarding the published article can be updated and/or the manuscript can be withdrawn.

We will continue our editorial work for the JCSM journal family, and the increasing number of submissions underscores the continuing need for such a niche journal and its two daughter journals, JCSM Rapid Communication and JCSM Clinical Reports. This is particularly so, because diagnostic tools have improved and overall awareness and research in cachexia and sarcopenia have increased. Nevertheless, there still remains a great unmet medical need, because cachexia and sarcopenia are still associated with an unacceptably high burden of morbidity and mortality affecting patients, families, care‐givers, and healthcare systems, and no new therapies exist yet.

Despite the existing wish to advance our knowledge, we recognize that the world is not free of scientific misconduct, which can come in many ways. We are happy to report that only very few problems have arisen in the past 11 years and no published paper had to be withdrawn so far. The Editors of JCSM aim to continue to keep a close eye on these issues, and we need reviewers to help in this. We simply ask that authors play fair to the academic community and the public at large and then none of this will ever be an issue. We want to take a lead in identifying, notifying, investigating, and reporting all occurrences of scientific misconduct related to JCSM. We will withdraw papers, if significant problems come to our attention. This shall be no surprise to anyone when it has to occur. As stated before, academic publishing is built on trust. We want JCSM to be a trusted and valued source of best available scientific knowledge in the field. We hope that, together, we can achieve this objective and our journal can succeed in this ambition.