Emma K Nowak1, Mélanie L Beaulieu2, Bruce D Beynnon3, James A Ashton-Miller4,5, Daniel R Sturnick6, Edward M Wojtys2. 1. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA. 2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 3. Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA. 4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 6. Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The lateral femoral condyle index (LFCI)-a recently developed measure of the sphericity of the lateral femoral condyle-was reported to be a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, issues have been raised regarding how the index was measured and regarding the patient group and the knee in which it was measured. PURPOSE: To investigate the association between the LFCI and the risk of sustaining a primary, noncontact ACL injury, and to examine whether this association was moderated by the posterior-inferior-directed slope of the lateral tibial plateau. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted of deidentified magnetic resonance images of the uninjured knees of 86 athletes with ACL injury and the corresponding knees of 86 control athletes, matched for sports team, sex, and age. From those images, we measured the LFCI and the posterior-inferior-directed slope of the middle region articular cartilage surface of the tibial plateau's lateral compartment. Conditional logistic regressions were performed to determine whether the LFCI was significantly associated with ACL injury risk and whether the lateral tibial compartment middle cartilage slope moderated this association. Data were analyzed for female and male participants separately as well as for both groups combined. RESULTS: The LFCI was not found to be significantly associated with experiencing a primary, noncontact ACL injury for all analyses. The lateral tibial slope measure was not found to moderate the association between the LFCI and ACL injury. A conditional logistic regression analysis using the LFCI data of the injured knees, instead of the uninjured knees, of the participants with ACL injury revealed that the LFCI was significantly associated with ACL injury. CONCLUSION: In this population of athletically active female and male participants, the LFCI was not found to be a risk factor for noncontact ACL injury, regardless of the geometric features of the lateral tibial slope.
BACKGROUND: The lateral femoral condyle index (LFCI)-a recently developed measure of the sphericity of the lateral femoral condyle-was reported to be a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, issues have been raised regarding how the index was measured and regarding the patient group and the knee in which it was measured. PURPOSE: To investigate the association between the LFCI and the risk of sustaining a primary, noncontact ACL injury, and to examine whether this association was moderated by the posterior-inferior-directed slope of the lateral tibial plateau. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted of deidentified magnetic resonance images of the uninjured knees of 86 athletes with ACL injury and the corresponding knees of 86 control athletes, matched for sports team, sex, and age. From those images, we measured the LFCI and the posterior-inferior-directed slope of the middle region articular cartilage surface of the tibial plateau's lateral compartment. Conditional logistic regressions were performed to determine whether the LFCI was significantly associated with ACL injury risk and whether the lateral tibial compartment middle cartilage slope moderated this association. Data were analyzed for female and male participants separately as well as for both groups combined. RESULTS: The LFCI was not found to be significantly associated with experiencing a primary, noncontact ACL injury for all analyses. The lateral tibial slope measure was not found to moderate the association between the LFCI and ACL injury. A conditional logistic regression analysis using the LFCI data of the injured knees, instead of the uninjured knees, of the participants with ACL injury revealed that the LFCI was significantly associated with ACL injury. CONCLUSION: In this population of athletically active female and male participants, the LFCI was not found to be a risk factor for noncontact ACL injury, regardless of the geometric features of the lateral tibial slope.
Authors: Bruce D Beynnon; Pamela M Vacek; Daniel R Sturnick; Leigh Ann Holterman; Mack Gardner-Morse; Timothy W Tourville; Helen C Smith; James R Slauterbeck; Robert J Johnson; Sandra J Shultz Journal: J Orthop Res Date: 2013-09-30 Impact factor: 3.494
Authors: Michael P O'Malley; Matthew D Milewski; Matthew J Solomito; Andrew S Erwteman; Carl W Nissen Journal: Arthroscopy Date: 2014-09-16 Impact factor: 4.772
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Authors: Sharon H A Vrooijink; Femke Wolters; Carola F Van Eck; Freddie H Fu Journal: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Date: 2011-04-07 Impact factor: 4.342
Authors: Mélanie L Beaulieu; Emma K Nowak; Bruce D Beynnon; James A Ashton-Miller; Daniel R Sturnick; Edward M Wojtys Journal: Am J Sports Med Date: 2021-07-08 Impact factor: 7.010