Isabella Annesi-Maesano1, Manja Fleddermann2, Mathias Hornef3, Erika von Mutius4, Oliver Pabst5, Monika Schaubeck2, Alessandro Fiocchi6. 1. Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, Montpellier University and University of Montpellier. 2. HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Straße 7, Pfaffenhofen, 85276, Germany. 3. Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany. 4. Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, Munich, 80337, Germany. 5. Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany. 6. Division of Allergy, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesú (IRCCS), Piazza di Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome, 00165, Italy.
Abstract
Objective: Among non-communicable diseases, the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased significantly in the new millennium. The increase of allergic diseases is linked to the changing environment of infants. Methods: This narrative review summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the 8th Human Milk Workshop. Information from the fields of pediatrics, epidemiology, biology, microbiology, and immunology are summarized to establish a framework describing potential avenues for the prevention of allergic diseases in the future. Results: Several environmental circumstances are linked to the development of allergic diseases. While cesarean section is increasing the risk of allergies, early childhood exposure to a farm environment has a protective effect. From their analysis, nutritive and non-nutritive factors influencing the allergy risk in later life have been identified. The effect of breastfeeding on food allergy development is non-univocal. Human milk components including immunoglobulins, cytokines, and prebiotics have been indicated as important for allergy prevention. Conclusion: Many factors linked to the western lifestyle have been associated with the development of allergic diseases. This suggests several theories that may serve as a basis for new protective interventions. While it is indubitable that mother's milk protects from infectious diseases, its role in the prevention of allergic diseases is to be elucidated.
Objective: Among non-communicable diseases, the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased significantly in the new millennium. The increase of allergic diseases is linked to the changing environment of infants. Methods: This narrative review summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the 8th Human Milk Workshop. Information from the fields of pediatrics, epidemiology, biology, microbiology, and immunology are summarized to establish a framework describing potential avenues for the prevention of allergic diseases in the future. Results: Several environmental circumstances are linked to the development of allergic diseases. While cesarean section is increasing the risk of allergies, early childhood exposure to a farm environment has a protective effect. From their analysis, nutritive and non-nutritive factors influencing the allergy risk in later life have been identified. The effect of breastfeeding on food allergy development is non-univocal. Human milk components including immunoglobulins, cytokines, and prebiotics have been indicated as important for allergy prevention. Conclusion: Many factors linked to the western lifestyle have been associated with the development of allergic diseases. This suggests several theories that may serve as a basis for new protective interventions. While it is indubitable that mother's milk protects from infectious diseases, its role in the prevention of allergic diseases is to be elucidated.
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