The role of strangeness in chiral and U ( 1 ) A restoration.

We use recently derived Ward identities and lattice data for the light- and strange-quark condensates to reconstruct the scalar and pseudoscalar susceptibilities ( χ S κ , χ P K ) in the isospin 1/2 channel. We show that χ S κ develops a maximum above the QCD chiral transition, after which it degenerates with χ P K . We also obtain χ S κ within Unitarized Chiral Perturbation Theory (UChPT) at finite temperature, when it is saturated with the K 0 ∗ ( 700 ) (or κ ) meson, the dominant lowest-energy state in the isospin 1/2 scalar channel of π K scattering. Such UChPT result reproduces the expected peak structure, revealing the importance of thermal interactions, and makes it possible to examine the χ S κ dependence on the light- and strange-quark masses. A consistent picture emerges controlled by the m l / m s ratio that allows one studying K - κ degeneration in the chiral, two-flavor and SU(3) limits. These results provide an alternative sign for O ( 4 ) × U ( 1 ) A restoration that can be explored in lattice simulations and highlight the role of strangeness, which regulated by the strange-quark condensate helps to reconcile the current tension among lattice results regarding U ( 1 ) A restoration.

Introduction

Chiral symmetry restoration is a key ingredient to understand the QCD phase diagram [1-3]. The remarkable advances achieved in lattice simulations have revealed a crossover transition at 155 MeV for physical quark masses and vanishing chemical potentials  [4-8]. In the light chiral limit this pseudocritical behavior is expected to become a “true” phase transition with a critical temperature 132 MeV [9]. Nevertheless, the universality class and even the order of this transition are still not fully understood and depend on the strength of the breaking of the anomalous symmetry at the critical temperature [10-12].

Thus, the very nature of the chiral transition is intimately connected to restoration. However, there is currently no agreement as to whether this symmetry is effectively restored close to the critical temperature. While several phenomenological [13-17] and lattice [18-22] analyses for light flavors of mass support the idea that the symmetry can be effectively restored at the chiral transition in the chiral limit, lattice results for (i.e., including the strange quark flavor with mass ) suggest that the anomalous symmetry is still broken in the chiral crossover region [23-26]. This phenomenon has also implications for the hadron spectrum [11, 14, 27] as well as phenomenological effects driven by the associated reduction of the anomalous mass and the topological susceptibility in a thermal environment [28-31].

The main observables commonly employed to study chiral symmetry restoration, both in the lattice and in phenomenological analyses, are the light-quark condensate and the scalar susceptibility , being the chiral transition signaled by both the inflection point of and the peak of . Nevertheless, since the axial anomaly is consequence of a short-distance quantum effect, restored only asymptotically [32], there is no corresponding order parameter to study restoration.

The manifestation and restoration of global symmetries such as the chiral and the ones can also be studied by analyzing their effect on the temperature-dependent properties of the particle spectrum. For instance, states of opposite parity related under axial rotations – the so-called chiral partners – are expected to degenerate at the chiral transition. Correlation functions of chiral partners and properties derived from them (like susceptibilities and screening masses) should also degenerate as the transition is reached. In the same way, an effective restoration should be indicated by the degeneracy of correlation functions belonging to a universality class.

So far, available lattice studies looking for the interplay of chiral and restoration concern the isoscalar and isovector channels. Namely, defining the lightest scalar and pseudoscalar operators in the isospin sector aswith q the light-quark doublet and the Pauli matrices, chiral symmetry restoration implies and degeneration, where the , , and quark bilinears correspond to the pion, (or ) and the light components of the and  [33], respectively. Likewise, and are expected to degenerate once the symmetry is effectively restored. Whereas chiral degeneration around and above has been clearly observed in the lattice both using screening masses [21, 34, 35] and susceptibilities [23], hence confirming theoretical predictions at finite temperature and/or density [17, 36–42], lattice results concerning restoration are not conclusive; while simulations suggest degeneration close to the chiral limit [18-20] and for physical quark masses [21, 22], lattice results report sizable differences between the and susceptibilities in the region where degeneration occurs [23, 24].

In this work we will present a thorough analysis of an alternative sector; namely, the channel involving the kaon K and (or ) mesons as the lightest pseudoscalar and scalar states, respectively. The study of susceptibilities in this sector will provide additional evidences regarding chiral and restoration, which will help to reconcile the apparently conflicting scenarios mentioned above and will highlight the role of the strange quark in an explicit and consistent way. On the one hand, our analysis is based on Ward Identities (WIs), which predict the behavior of susceptibilities in a channel where there are currently no lattice results available. Furthermore, WIs would provide a tool to study restoration in terms of quark condensates, well controlled lattice quantities as opposed to those customarily used, such as the or topological susceptibilities, which are considerably more noisy [23, 31, 43, 44]. On the other hand, we will show that the main properties of can be described when it is saturated by the thermal pole of the meson, which in turn can be generated in unitarized scattering at finite temperature. This second approach will shed light on the quark mass dependence and the role of thermal interactions.

With the above motivation in mind, the paper is structured as follows: in Sect. 2 we will review the relevant WIs involving the K and susceptibilities, as well as the main properties regarding chiral and transformations in the sector. In Sect. 3 we obtain some of our main results regarding the properties of these susceptibilities; namely, we will show the existence of a maximum in the susceptibility signaling degeneration with the K one, which, as we will see, is consistent with asymptotic restoration in the physical case. Our conclusions will be reached both from a direct analysis of lattice data to reconstruct the susceptibilities from the WIs, Sect. 3.1, and from UChPT, Sect. 3.2, which provides a tool to study their behavior towards the light chiral and SU(3) limits. Finally, the consequences of our results regarding restoration will be further addressed in Sect. 4, where we will examine the different limits of interest. In particular, within the context of the results obtained here and previous ones from WIs, ChPT and phenomenological analyses, we will present some arguments helping to understand the lattice results obtained in two and three flavors.

Ward identities in the strange sector and K- degeneration

A useful set of WIs connecting pseudoscalar and scalar susceptibilities with quark condensates for all isospin channels has been recently derived and analyzed in [16, 17, 39, 45]. In particular, WIs in the sector readwhere and are the light- and strange-quark condensates, at a temperature ,are the pseudoscalar and scalar quark bilinears, whose lightest states are the kaon and mesons, respectively, and is the quark triplet.

The K and bilinears in (4) can be related by both a chiral O(4) and a transformation [16]. Namely, a general rotation of the up and down quark fieldswith , , and , acting on the bilinearconnects it with field. This connection has some important consequences: Furthermore, recent theoretical analyses from the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model [42] and Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) [17] have shown that in the physical case degeneration occurs above the crossover region, but around the same temperature where the isoscalar and isovector partners degenerate. Actually, within ChPT, the temperature at which matches is practically the same at which the partners and degenerate. Consistent results pointing in the same direction are obtained from lattice analyses of K and screening masses [34, 35], which only degenerate at temperatures above 200 MeV, again in the same region of partner degeneration.

Both O(4) and exact restoration imply degeneration.

The opposite is not necessarily true; there might be a region where but the O(4) or symmetries are still significantly broken, i.e., degeneration is a necessary but not sufficient condition for restoration1. Nevertheless, throughout this work we will provide evidences supporting the actual connection between degeneration and restoration.

Exact O(4) restoration at takes place only for in the light chiral limit . Note that in this case, WIs for pure observables, like the topological susceptibility or the difference between the and susceptibilities, imply restoration at the exact O(4) transition [16, 17]. Thus, in this limit should also degenerate at .

In the physical case with and nonzero quark masses, vanishes only asymptotically and the O(4) symmetric phase is reached only approximately. In addition, the symmetry vanishes also asymptotically above . Thus, in this case might be still different from zero above the crossover chiral transition.

In the SU(3) limit, i.e., for , the K and are expected to degenerate with the and , respectively  [46, 47] and hence, one should expect degeneration at the chiral transition, understood as the region where and degenerate.

In that context, the advantage of the WIs (2)-(3) is that and are expressed in terms of well-measured quark condensates, whose thermal behavior provide a model independent tool to study their degeneration. Before discussing in more detail the consequences of degeneration for restoration, we will first analyze in the next section what can be learned about and using the WIs (2)-(3).

Properties of and

The light-quark condensate , as the order parameter of the chiral transition, is expected to drop abruptly at the transition temperature, with an inflection point at for physical quark masses. However, is supposed to decrease much softly due to the explicit chiral symmetry breaking of the heavier strange quark [6], being the parameter regulating the relative drop of these two condensates. These trends can be clearly observed in lattice analyses. For illustrative purposes we show in Fig. 1 the light () and strange () subtracted condensates reported in [6]; while drops abruptly close to the chiral transition and asymptotically above , remains large at the critical temperature, showing only a smooth decrease. Note that lattice quark condensates usually have to be subtracted to remove UV divergences , with a the lattice spacing and the quark mass as defined in [6].

Fig. 1

Light- (left panel) and strange-quark (right panel) subtracted condensates around computed in [5, 6]. They are defined as , with and d, lattice parameters defined in [6]. Figure taken from [6]

On the one hand, since both the light- and strange-quark condensates are negative quantities, (2) indicates that should decrease continuously at all temperatures, with an abrupt drop off around coming from the light-quark condensate. On the other hand, (3) implies that below and around the chiral transition should grow following the decrease and the roughly constant behavior of . Nevertheless, above the O(4) transition the light-quark condensate starts decreasing only asymptotically, while at some temperature the reduction takes over, hence changing the trend of to a slowly decreasing behavior towards degeneration with .

The previous argument implies that in the physical case, should have a maximum at a temperature and that the behavior of the curve above the maximum is driven by the drop. In addition, near the chiral limit one should expect a steepest growth below the maximum, dictated by , but a flattening above it, from , pointing out for degeneration at lower temperatures. On the contrary, in the limit, the peak should be more pronounced from both sides, consistently with and degeneration.

The existence and properties of the peak, coming from WIs and confirmed with our lattice and theoretical UChPT analysis below, are key results of the present work.

Results from lattice data

Without direct and lattice data available, the above hypotheses can be tested using lattice results for the combinations of light- and strange-quark condensates appearing in (2) and (3), which we denote as reconstructed susceptibilities. In Fig. 2 we show the results of the reconstructed susceptibilities using the unsubtracted condensate data in [6, 7] for two different quark-mass configurations: , which is close to the physical point, and , closer to the chiral limit.

Fig. 2

Reconstructed pseudoscalar and scalar susceptibilities (in lattice units) in the channel from (2) and (3), respectively, with light- and strange-quark condensate data from [6, 7]. In the inset panel we show separately in order to emphasize the peak behavior. For such lattice setup, the continuum extrapolation to the physical mass case gives

The results in Fig. 2 are fully consistent with the theoretical expectations. First, decreases at all temperatures, with a smooth asymptotic behavior above . Second, the scalar susceptibility develops a maximum around , after which it shows a smooth temperature dependence, degenerating with at temperatures . Such degeneration is ultimately driven by strangeness through . In fact, the data for reflect the expected behavior below and seem to indicate degeneration at lower temperatures, as expected from the softer -dependence. Unfortunately, available lattice results for condensates closer to the chiral limit [6, 9] do not reach the temperatures of interest for our purposes here.

The results in Fig. 2 are also supported by lattice analyses of screening masses [34, 35]. Although screening masses and susceptibilities measure different limits of meson correlators at vanishing four momenta (the susceptibility behaves as the inverse pole mass squared while the screening mass measures the exponential falloff of the correlator at large spatial separation), these two quantities follow a similar temperature scaling [17, 42, 45]. Lattice results show a minimum around the transition for the screening mass, hence playing the counterpart of the maximum in Fig. 2. Moreover, all scalar channels analyzed in [34, 35] show a similar minimum driven by its degeneration with their corresponding pseudoscalar partner, which might constitute a global meson pattern.

Theoretical analysis from effective theories

In order to analyze the behavior of from the theoretical side at and beyond the physical point, we consider a UChPT approach where is saturated by its lowest pole, the meson, generated in scattering at finite temperature. Namely,where we fix to reproduce the perturbative ChPT result at , i.e., calculated in [17], and , with the resonance pole position in the second Riemann sheet of the complex s-plane for the unitarized scalar partial wave. Thus, is the real part of the self-energy at the pole, which is expected to provide the dominant temperature dependence of . Since susceptibilities are correlators, the sensibility to the p-dependence of the self-energy and the T-dependence of its residue in (6) are assumed to lie within the uncertainty bands. That is actually the case when the scalar susceptibility is saturated by the thermal [39, 48]. Namely, this approach has been proven to reproduce the transition peak and to describe lattice data around it.

For the unitarized scattering amplitude we rely on the UChPT techniques described in [48-50] and write the scalar partial wave aswhere ,is the T-independent leading-order ChPT amplitude, the pion (kaon) mass and the pion decay constant. For the contribution we consider two different methods consistent within unitarity and analyticity requirements for the thermal amplitude:whereis the one-loop thermal integral in the center-of-momentum frame, whose detailed expression can be found, e.g., in [51], with , and after analytic continuation from external discrete frequencies.

Method 1 was proposed in [50], where denotes the finite part of , renormalized by a subtraction constant fitted to scattering data at  [52, 53]. In Method 2, is the renormalized ChPT amplitude at  [54]. The main advantage of Method 2 is that is consistent with the perturbative chiral expansion at at ; hence, providing better control over the quark mass dependence of the amplitude. Similarly to the scattering case studied in [55, 56], both methods ensure elastic thermal unitarity [51], which for scattering reads:where the thermal phase-space factorwith , and is the Bose-Einstein distribution function.

As a test of the capability of Methods 1 and 2 to describe the , we get at and , for method 1 and 2, respectively, where we have used the subtraction constant value and error in [50] for method 1 and the low-energy constants (LECs) of the global fit in [57] for method 2. For the latter, the uncertainties are computed from the propagation in quadrature of the LEC errors. These results are perfectly consistent with the most precise dispersive calculations [58-60].

The results for both unitarization methods, including their uncertainties, are plotted in Fig. 3 together with the reconstructed scalar susceptibility from the WI in (3) using for the light- and strange-quark condensates the Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) results in [61]. The HRG includes hadron resonances of masses below 2 GeV and is meant to capture the relevant thermodynamics below the transition, hence providing a check of consistency for our unitarized results and a way to estimate the importance of such higher states for this observable. In addition, we also include the perturbative ChPT prediction calculated in [17]. The two thermal unitarized methods remain fairly consistent between them and compatible with the perturbative ChPT and HRG results below the transition, indicating the robustness of the approach. In addition, both reproduce the expected peak behavior, unlike the ChPT or HRG, which are monotonically increasing. This reveals the importance of considering thermal interactions in order to describe these non-perturbative phenomena around the transition.

Fig. 3

Left panel: susceptibility from UChPT with the two methods explained in the main text, including their theoretical uncertainty bands, the perturbative ChPT result and the HRG one extracted from the quark condensate combination in (3). Right panel: Unitarized susceptibility for physical masses, the light chiral limit and for closer to the SU(3) limit

Finally, we study the chiral and SU(3) limits using method 2, which at reproduces the light- and strange-quark mass dependence of the amplitude predicted in ChPT. The behavior of in the two limits is plotted in Fig. 3, showing the expected results. On the one hand, when approaching the chiral limit we find a steepest growth below the maximum and a flatter curve above it.On the other hand, the reduction of the kaon mass enhances the size of the peak and moves it to lower temperatures closer to , so that tends to resemble the behavior of consistently with SU(3) symmetry.

The above results for the scalar susceptibility within the UChPT approach constitute also an important outcome of the present work.

Consequences for restoration

The results described in Sect. 3 show that develops a maximum, after which it degenerates with . This prediction is obtained from rigorously derived WIs and hence, it can be considered as a model independent result. In that context, some comments are in order to relate this sector with restoration:

Close to the physical point, i.e., using the lattice data for the light- and strange-quark condensates in [6, 7], one observes that the position of the peak lies well above the O(4) crossover region – the temperature at which develops a maximum and degenerate. There is no contradiction since degeneration should happen at only if O(4) restoration is exact i.e., for and . Conversely, the temperature at which the reconstructed and degenerate lies close to region where current lattice data [23, 24] find degeneration; even when degeneration only imposes a lower bound for restoration, this result shows that, for physical quark masses, such degeneration lies around the point where symmetry is assumed to be asymptotically restored in lattice simulations. Thus, degeneration might be considered as an additional sign to study asymptotic restoration. Additional arguments supporting this proposal are the degeneration of lattice screening masses in the 200 MeV region of restoration [35], and results in ChPT and NJL models showing coincidence of the degeneration temperature with that of the partners, like  [17, 42]. Further information can be obtained by taking the difference between (2) and (3), where is the so-called subtracted condensate, one of the order parameters considered in the lattice literature2 to cancel out finite-size divergences [1, 4–6]. Eq. (11) provides information on degeneration in terms of a well-determined lattice quantity. In Fig. 4 we plot the normalized results given in [6], where one can see that at this difference has reduced its value by half, and only at much larger temperatures shows an asymptotic vanishing behavior compatible with effective restoration. Thus, even when is usually considered equivalent to , i.e., as an order parameter for O(4) restoration, this is only true in the light chiral limit. In the physical case, Eq. (11) indicates that its vanishing actually provides a sign of restoration. Note, however, that its inflection point practically coincides with that of since the variation of with T is almost negligible at that temperatures and hence, the subtracted condensate works perfectly well to estimate the crossover temperature. This is not in conflict with the vanishing signaling restoration, being ultimately responsible for the tail behavior.

Fig. 4

Subtracted quark condensate normalized to its value at zero temperature as given in [6]. At , has reduced its value by half and only at higher temperatures it shows an asymptotic vanishing behavior compatible with restoration. Figure taken from [6]

Let us consider now the expansion. On the one hand, the right-hand side in (11) reads

On the other hand, the left-hand side of (11) in this limit can be studied in ChPT, where at leading order in this expansion one finds  [17]. Thus, at leading order, this regime is nothing but the limit, where the strange quark is fully decoupled for . Even though the K and susceptibilities are pure SU(3) quantities and, in the physical case, the strange quark should be taken as a dynamical degree of freedom, its difference has a well-defined limit. Furthermore, Eq. (12) implies degeneration at in the limit, since in this case the light-quark condensate vanishes exactly. This is consistent with the analysis in [16, 17] and two-flavor lattice results [18-22], which suggest restoration at the O(4) transition for in the light chiral limit. Thus, our analysis helps to reconcile lattice results in these two different regimes.

It is also relevant to discuss the light chiral limit for . As one can check in ChPT, both and are well behaved quantities in this case [17], and hence, Eq. (11) simplifies to Note that the difference between (12) and (13) is that for the latter, the light-quark condensate appearing in the right-hand side is the SU(3) result in the light chiral limit, which does not vanish at and hence, the susceptibility difference does not vanish either. Even though the susceptibility difference in this case is expressed in terms of the chiral condensate3, Eq. (13) does not imply any consequence regarding restoration since both symmetries are explicitly broken. Clearly, accelerates chiral O(4) restoration with respect to the physical case, but it also does so with restoration, since we are closer to the regime where exact O(4) restoration implies an exact symmetric phase. This is actually reflected in the behavior of the peak in the light chiral limit analyzed in Sect. 3 both for the reconstructed lattice data and the UChPT. Only when the limit is taken, Eqs. (13) and (12) coincide, the strange quark decouples and the previous conclusion about restoration at follows.

The limit in (11) is also well behaved and illustrative. Evaluating it once again in ChPT, we get where stands for the pion pseudoscalar susceptibility. This confirms our previous statement about this limit, where the and the scalar susceptibilities degenerate one into another. Thus, if this limit is obtained by reducing the strange-quark mass but keeping the light-quark mass fixed, one expects to resemble the crossover peak, as we do observe in our UChPT analysis. Finally, it is worth noting that even when the susceptibility difference is expressed once more in terms of two O(4) quantities, they are nonzero at in . Thus, would not be restored near in this limit because one is far away from the strange-quark decoupling regime.

Our arguments in this section justify then that is the relevant parameter regarding the behavior of the susceptibility difference and its connection with restoration.

Conclusions

We have performed a detailed analysis of the scalar and pseudoscalar susceptibilities in the channel based on Ward Identities, lattice data and Unitarized Chiral Perturbation Theory, which provides an alternative way to study the interplay between chiral and restoration and the role of strangeness in that context. This joint analysis gives rise to the following consistent results: We believe that our present analysis provides new insight about the sector, which may be useful for future theoretical and lattice analyses. Furthermore, it helps to better understand the role of strangeness in the current tension between and lattice results regarding restoration.

The scalar susceptibility develops a peak, which in the physical limit and for lies above the chiral crossover. Below this peak, the rise of the susceptibility is controlled by the light-quark condensate and then it is mostly related to chiral restoration. Above the peak, the susceptibility drop is driven by the strange-quark condensate and the susceptibility tends to degenerate with the K one.

Although there are no direct lattice results for the susceptibilities available, we reconstruct them from WIs and condensate data. The results confirm the existence of the peak and the degeneration. In the physical case, the position of the peak lies within the region of restoration, i.e., the temperature where lattice analyses suggest the vanishing of the topological susceptibility or degeneration.

Within a UChPT approach, we have studied the scalar susceptibility by saturating it with the thermal pole of the , the lightest scalar state, which is dynamically generated through unitarized scattering at finite temperature. The result confirms again the presence of the peak, which other approaches such as ChPT or the HRG are not able to provide, hence highlighting the importance of including properly thermal interactions. Our analytic UChPT approach has also the advantage of allowing us to tune the meson masses beyond the physical limit to study the behavior of the susceptibility in the chiral and SU(3) limits.

The parameter controls effectively the transition from the to the cases for the observables analyzed here. This offers a way to reconcile lattice results in these two scenarios regarding restoration and suggest that is an alternative useful sign to study this problem. In the physical case, our work, based on lattice data, is consistent with previous ChPT and NJL analyses, as well as with results from lattice screening masses, all pointing to degeneration in the region where restoration takes place.

The susceptibility difference can be related to , one of the subtracted quark condensates customarily analyzed in the lattice. For , the strange quark decouples, the limit is reached and our analysis suggests that the O(4) and transitions coincide at , hence consistently with previous WIs analyses and lattice data. In the same way, our UChPT result shows a flattening of above the peak in the light chiral limit, reflecting degeneration with . In the opposite limit, , the degenerate SU(3) phase is achieved, which implies and degeneration. Within UChPT, we confirm this behavior by lowering the kaon mass, which makes the peak grow and displace to the left towards , thus resembling the behavior of at the crossover region.