Zhixiang Chao1,2, Xichun Qin1,2, Caili Jia1,2, Hao Qin1,2, Hao Zhang1,2. 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China. 2. Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The anti-tumor effect of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been widely confirmed. However, the anti-tumor effect of its peptides is rarely reported. This study aims to investigate the effects of PEDF and its peptides on the apoptosis and migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: In this study, A549 cells and H1299 cells were selected as the research object, and the cells were divided into normal group, PEDF treatment group, 34 peptide treatment group, 44 peptide treatment group and 34+44 peptide treatment group by administering different drugs at the same concentration to the cells. The proliferation activity of cells in each group was detected by CCK-8 method; the migration ability of cells was detected by scratch test; the expression levels of apoptosis related proteins such as protein kinase 3 (RIP3) and cleaved-caspase-3 were detected by Western blot; the expression levels of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in each group, such as cadherin (E-cadherin) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by Western blot; the apoptosis rate of each group was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The results of CCK-8 showed that PEDF and its peptides could inhibit cell proliferation, and the inhibitory effect of 34+44 peptide was the strongest (P<0.05); Observation under the microscope found that PEDF and its peptides can inhibit the proliferation and mesenchymal transformation of A549 cells and H1299 cells, and the inhibitory effect of the 34+44 peptide group is the most obvious; Western blot indicated that compared with other groups, the expressions of cleaved-caspase-3 and RIP3 in 34+44 peptide group were significantly higher (P<0.05), and the expressions of EMT protein E-cadherin were higher, the expression of α-SMA decreased (P<0.05); The results of flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of 34+44 peptide group was significantly higher than those of other groups (P<0.05); The scratch test showed that compared with all the other groups, the healing rate of 34+44 peptide group was the lowest (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 34+44 combination peptide can better promote the apoptosis of NSCLC, inhibit the migration of NSCLC, and thereby inhibit the growth of NSCLC.
BACKGROUND: The anti-tumor effect of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been widely confirmed. However, the anti-tumor effect of its peptides is rarely reported. This study aims to investigate the effects of PEDF and its peptides on the apoptosis and migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: In this study, A549 cells and H1299 cells were selected as the research object, and the cells were divided into normal group, PEDF treatment group, 34 peptide treatment group, 44 peptide treatment group and 34+44 peptide treatment group by administering different drugs at the same concentration to the cells. The proliferation activity of cells in each group was detected by CCK-8 method; the migration ability of cells was detected by scratch test; the expression levels of apoptosis related proteins such as protein kinase 3 (RIP3) and cleaved-caspase-3 were detected by Western blot; the expression levels of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in each group, such as cadherin (E-cadherin) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by Western blot; the apoptosis rate of each group was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The results of CCK-8 showed that PEDF and its peptides could inhibit cell proliferation, and the inhibitory effect of 34+44 peptide was the strongest (P<0.05); Observation under the microscope found that PEDF and its peptides can inhibit the proliferation and mesenchymal transformation of A549 cells and H1299 cells, and the inhibitory effect of the 34+44 peptide group is the most obvious; Western blot indicated that compared with other groups, the expressions of cleaved-caspase-3 and RIP3 in 34+44 peptide group were significantly higher (P<0.05), and the expressions of EMT protein E-cadherin were higher, the expression of α-SMA decreased (P<0.05); The results of flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of 34+44 peptide group was significantly higher than those of other groups (P<0.05); The scratch test showed that compared with all the other groups, the healing rate of 34+44 peptide group was the lowest (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 34+44 combination peptide can better promote the apoptosis of NSCLC, inhibit the migration of NSCLC, and thereby inhibit the growth of NSCLC.
CCK8 detects cell proliferation activity in each group. A: the OD value of each group of cells in the A549 cell line; B: the inhibition rates of cell proliferation in each group and their comparison with each other; C: the OD value of each group of cells in the H1299 cell line; D: the inhibition rate of cell proliferation in each group and their comparison with each other. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the 34+44 peptide group (P < 0.05).
CCK8检测各组细胞增殖活性。A:A549细胞系中各组细胞的OD值;B:各组细胞增殖的抑制率及其相互比较。C:H1299细胞系中各组细胞的OD值;D:各组细胞增殖的抑制率及其相互比较。CCK8 detects cell proliferation activity in each group. A: the OD value of each group of cells in the A549 cell line; B: the inhibition rates of cell proliferation in each group and their comparison with each other; C: the OD value of each group of cells in the H1299 cell line; D: the inhibition rate of cell proliferation in each group and their comparison with each other. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the 34+44 peptide group (P < 0.05).
Optical microscope to observe the changes of cell morphology in each group after 24 h of drug treatment (× 200, bar=50 μm)
光学显微镜去观察药物处理24 h后各组细胞形态的变化(×200, bar=50 μm)Optical microscope to observe the changes of cell morphology in each group after 24 h of drug treatment (× 200, bar=50 μm)
Western blot was used to detect the expression of EMT-related and apoptosis-related proteins in each group. A: the detection of the expression of migration-related proteins (E-cadherin, α-SMA) in the A549 cell line; B and C: statistical diagrams of the expression of related proteins; D: the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Clevead-Caspase-3, Rip-3) in the A549 cell line; E and F: statistical diagrams of related protein expression. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the 34+44 peptide group (P < 0.05).
Western blot was used to detect the expression of EMT-related and apoptosis-related proteins in each group. A: the detection of the expression of migration-related proteins (E-cadherin, α-SMA) in the H1299 cell line; B and C: statistical diagrams of the expression of related proteins; D: the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Clevead-Caspase-3, Rip-3) in the H1299 cell line; E and F: statistical diagrams of related protein expression. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the 34+44 peptide group (P < 0.05).
Flow cytometry to detect the apoptosis of each group of cells. A: shows the apoptosis of each group in the A549 cell line; B: the apoptosis of each group in the H1299 cell line; C and D: the apoptosis rate of each group of the A549 cell line and the H1299 cell line and their comparison. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences.
蛋白印迹检测各组EMT相关表达及凋亡相关蛋白表达情况。A:检测A549细胞系中迁移相关蛋白(E-cadherin、α-SMA)的表达量;B、C:相关蛋白表达量统计图;D:A549细胞系中凋亡相关蛋白(Clevead-Caspase-3、Rip-3)的表达情况;E、F:相关蛋白表达统计图。Western blot was used to detect the expression of EMT-related and apoptosis-related proteins in each group. A: the detection of the expression of migration-related proteins (E-cadherin, α-SMA) in the A549 cell line; B and C: statistical diagrams of the expression of related proteins; D: the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Clevead-Caspase-3, Rip-3) in the A549 cell line; E and F: statistical diagrams of related protein expression. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the 34+44 peptide group (P < 0.05).蛋白印迹检测各组EMT相关表达及凋亡相关蛋白表达情况。A:检测H1299细胞系中迁移相关蛋白(E-cadherin、α-SMA)的表达量;B、C:相关蛋白表达量统计图;D:H1299细胞系中凋亡相关蛋白(Clevead-Caspase-3、Rip-3)的表达情况;E、F:相关蛋白表达统计图。Western blot was used to detect the expression of EMT-related and apoptosis-related proteins in each group. A: the detection of the expression of migration-related proteins (E-cadherin, α-SMA) in the H1299 cell line; B and C: statistical diagrams of the expression of related proteins; D: the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Clevead-Caspase-3, Rip-3) in the H1299 cell line; E and F: statistical diagrams of related protein expression. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the 34+44 peptide group (P < 0.05).划痕实验检测各组细胞迁移能力的变化。A:A549细胞各组伤口愈合实验;B:愈合抑制率统计图;C:H1299细胞各组伤口愈合实验;D:愈合抑制率统计图。Wound healing test to detect changes in cell migration ability of each group. A: the wound healing experiment of each group of A549 cells; B: the statistical graph of the healing inhibition rate; C: a wound healing experiment of each group of H1299 cells; D: a statistical graph of the healing inhibition rate. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the 34+44 peptide group (P < 0.05).流式细胞术检测各组细胞的凋亡情况。A:A549细胞系中各组细胞凋亡情况;B:H1299细胞系中各组细胞凋亡情况;C、D:A549细胞系及H1299细胞系各组细胞凋亡率及其比较。Flow cytometry to detect the apoptosis of each group of cells. A: shows the apoptosis of each group in the A549 cell line; B: the apoptosis of each group in the H1299 cell line; C and D: the apoptosis rate of each group of the A549 cell line and the H1299 cell line and their comparison. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences.
Wound healing test to detect changes in cell migration ability of each group. A: the wound healing experiment of each group of A549 cells; B: the statistical graph of the healing inhibition rate; C: a wound healing experiment of each group of H1299 cells; D: a statistical graph of the healing inhibition rate. * means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); # means that all groups have statistical differences compared with the 34+44 peptide group (P < 0.05).