Distribution of alpine endemic plants of northern Asia: a dataset.

BACKGROUND: We describe a dataset providing information on the geographic distribution of northern Asian endemic alpine plants. It was obtained by digitising maps from the atlas "Endemic alpine plants of Northern Asia". Northern Asia includes numerous mountain ranges which may have served as refugia during the Pleistocene ice ages, but there have been no studies that analysed this question. We suggest that this dataset can be applied for better understanding of the alpine endemism in northern Asia. NEW INFORMATION: The dataset includes 13709 species distribution records, representing 211 species from 31 families and 106 genera. Each record provides data regarding the distribution of an individual species. These data provide a foundation for studying northern Asia's endemic alpine species and conducting research on the factors concerning their distribution. Elena Brianskaia, Denis Sandanov, Yichao Li, Zhiheng Wang.

Introduction

Being climatically and topographically heterogeneous, mountain ecosystems are characterised by a high degree of plant species diversity (López-Pujol et al. 2011, Hassan et al. 2005). They are often considered to have been potential refugia or buffering zones that either prevented extinction or promoted speciation during the Quaternary glacial-interglacial shifts because of their high spatiotemporal climatic stability (Sandanov et al. 2020, Harrison and Noss 2017, Feng et al. 2016, Sandel et al. 2011). During the Pleistocene glacial periods, ice sheets expanded greatly throughout northern Asia, mountainous regions contributed to the preservation of a number of alpine species (Harrison and Noss 2017, Volkova and Baranova 1980). Malyshev considered nine mountain areas in northern Asia that served as refugia during ice ages of Pleistocene for at least 231 alpine endemic species (Malyshev 1979, Vodopyanova et al. 1974). Alpine endemism was studied for mountain ranges of Siberia, Far East and northern part of Asia (Malyshev 1972, Krasnoborov 1974, Yurtzev 1981, Schlothauer 1990). In more recent studies, it was revealed that Far East has seven centres of edemism (Kozhevnikov 2007). However, despite numerous studies on endemism of northern Asia's alpine plants, it is not considered as an endemism hot spot on a global scale (Harrison and Noss 2017, Hobohm et al. 2019). Moreover, to this date, there have been no studies that quantitatively assess the correlation amongst climate, topography and alpine endemism in northern Asia. We consider the lack of baseline species distribution data is the main reason for this lack. We have developed and are sharing this dataset to address this need and to encourage the quantitative analyses required for developing a better understanding of the alpine endemism in northern Asia (Brianskaia et al. 2021).

General description

Purpose

Our primary goal was to digitise species distribution maps of alpine endemics of northern Asia and to encourage use of the data developed.

Additional information

Studies of the geographic distribution of endemic alpine plants were very significant in the Soviet botany of the 60s-70s (Tolmachev 1962, Malyshev 1965, Yurtzev 1966, Yurtzev 1968). In 1965, the Soviet commission of the flora and vegetation history sponsored a project on the sudy of northern Asia's endemic plants, particularly the endemic species. The printed atlas was the result of teamwork by the Siberian and All-Soviet Union botanists. The data for the atlas were compiled from the Leningrad (LE), Moscow (MW), Ural (SVER), Siberian (NSK, NS, TK, IRK, SASY) and Far East (VLA) herbaria. The atlas includes a list of the endemic alpine plant species of northern Asia with their habitat characteristics, geographic range and cartographic materials. The distribution maps (Figs 1, 2) were prepared from herbarium specimens whose identification had been checked (Vodopyanova et al. 1974). The list of editors of the atlas includes Vodopyanova N.S., Malyshev L.I., Siplivinskiy V.N., Tolmachev A.I. and Yurtsev B.A. Many different cartographers were involved in preparing the published maps (Table 1). Taxonomy of species in the GBIF dataset is given both as published in the atlas (Vodopyanova et al. 1974) in scientificName column and verified according to the Catalogue of Life (Roskov et al. 2019) and Checklist of Asian Russia Flora (Baikov 2012). The final verified taxonomy was checked with GBIF species matching tool and given in the acceptedNameUsage column.

Figure 1.

Example of the distribution map scan – .

Figure 2.

Example of the distribution map scan – .

Table 1.

List of cartographers of each species distribution map.

*in acceptedNameUsage, column numbers are given for the type of the map the species are drawn in: 1) the entire northern Asia maps; 2) the northern Asia maps from 1200 to 1700 E; 3) South Siberia maps from 750 to 1200 E; d) Far East maps including Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands.

scientificName	acceptedNameUsage*	Cartographer
Cryptogrammaraddeana, Dracocephalumfragile, Rhaponticumcarthamoides, Crepispolytricha	Cryptogrammaraddeana (1), Dracocephalumfragile (3), Forniciumcarthamoides (3), Crepispolytricha (3)	Busik V.V.
Microbiotadecussata	Microbiotadecussata (4)	Gurzenkov N.N., Gorovoy P.G.
Juniperuspseudosabina	Juniperuspseudosabina (3)	Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Bardunov L.V., Goloskokov V.P., Kamelin R.V., Kashina L.I., Matsenko A.V.
Ptilagrostisjunatovii, Koeleriageniculata, Poaivanoviae, Festucasichotensis, Roegneriasajanensis, Delphinumsajanense, Eutremaparviflorum, Drabapygmaea, Rhodiolapinnatifida, Saxifragabrachypetala, Chrysospleniumalbertii, Ch.peltatum, Oxytropisjurtzevii, O.sajanensis, Pinguiculaalgida, P.spathulata, Pyrethrumlanuginosum, Saussureasquarrosa	Ptilagrostisjunatovii (3), Koeleriageniculata (3), Poaivanoviae (3), Festucasichotensis (1), Elymussajanensis (3), Delphinumsajanense (3), Eutremaedwardsii (3), Drabapygmaea (3), Rhodiolapinnatifida (3), Saxifragabrachypetala (3), Chrysospleniumalbertii (3), Ch.peltatum (3), Oxytropisjurtzevii (3), O.sajanensis (3), Pinguiculaalgida (1), P.spathulata (1), Pyrethrumlanuginosum (3), Saussureasquarrosa (3)	Malyshev L.I.
Helictotrichonkrylovii, Poalanatiflora	Helictotrichonkrylovii (2), Hyalopoalanatiflora (2)	Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Mikhalyova V.M.
Helictotrichonmongolicum	Helictotrichonmongolicum (3)	Malyshev L.I. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S.
Koeleriaatroviolacea	Koeleriaatroviolacea (3)	Gudoshnikov S.V.
Poaaltaica	Poaaltaica (3)	Vodopyanova N.S., Gudoshnikov S.V., Penkovskaya E.F. in consultation with Busik V.V., Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M., Malyshev L.I.
Poaircutica, Salixnasarovii, S.torulosa, Chrysospleniumbaicalense, Oxytropiskusnetzovii, O.oxyphylloides, Swertiabaicalensis	Poaircutica (3) , Salixnasarovii (3), S.torulosa (3), Chrysospleniumbaicalense (3), Oxytropiskusnetzovii (3), O.oxyphylloides (3), Swertiabaicalensis (3)	Ivanova M.M.
Poapseudobbreviata	Poapseudobbreviata (1)	Matveeva N.V. in consultation with Yurtsev B.A., Malyshev L.I.
Colpodiumaltaicum	Paracolpodiumaltaicum (3)	Bardunov L.V. in consultation with Gudoshnikov S.V.
Festucachionobia	Festucachionobia (3)	Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Busik V.V.
Leymusinterior	Leymusinterior (1)	Matveeva N.V.
Eriophorumhumile	Eriophorumhumile (1)	Petrovskiy V.V., Taraskina N.N. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M. & Petrochenko Yu.N.
Baethryonuniflorum	Kreczetovicziauniflora (1)	Petrochenko Yu.N.
Scirpusmaximowiczii	Scirpusmaximowiczii (1)	Taraskina N.N. in consultation with Alyanskaya N.S., Bogdanova T.V., Maximova M.M., Malyshev L.I. & Yurtsev B.A.
Carexalticola, Saxifragakruhsiana	Carexalticola (1) , Saxifragakruhsiana (4)	Siplivinskiy V.N.
Carexkaracolica, Oxytropissumneviczii	Carexcaucasica (3), Oxytropissumneviczii (3)	Polozhiy A.V.
Carexledebouriana	Carexledebouriana (1)	Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Busik V.V., Kashina L.I., Mikhalyova V.M., Penkovskaya E.F.
Luzulaunalaschkensisssp.kamtschadalorum	Luzulaarcuata (1)	Ivanova M.M. in consultation with Siplivinskiy V.N.
Salixberberifoliassp.berberifolia, S.berberifoliassp.brayi, S.berberifoliassp.fimbriata, S.berberifoliassp.kamtschatica	Salixberberifoliassp.berberifolia (3), S.myrsinites (3), S.fimbriata (1), S.kamtschatica (4)	Ivanova M.M., Gudoshnikov S.V. in consultation with Malyshev L.I. & Vodopyanova N.S.
Salixdivaricata	Salixdivaricata (3)	Ivanova M.M. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S., Derviz-Sokolova T.G. & Malyshev L.I.
Salixjurtzevii, S.khokhrjakovii, Cardamineconferta, C.pedata, C.victoris, Arabisturczaninovii, Saxigragaredowskii, Oxytropissemiglobosa, Androsacegorodkovii, A.semiperennis, Taraxacumsoczavai	Salixjurtzevii (2), S.khokhrjakovii (2), Corydalisgorodkovii (2), Cardamineconferta (2), C.pedata (4), C.victoris (2), Arabisturczaninovii (2), Saxifragaredofskyi (2), Oxytropisajanensisssp.semiglobosa (2), Androsacegorodkovii (2), A.semiperennis (2), Taraxacumsoczavae (2)	Yurtsev B.A.
Salixrectijulis	Salixrectijulis (3)	Ivanova M.M., Gudoshnikov S.V. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M. & Derviz-Sokolova T.G.
Salixsajanensis	Salixsajanensis (3)	Ivanova M.M. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S. & Penkovskaya E.F.
Salixsphenophylla	Salixsphenophylla (1)	Petrovskiy V.V. & Taraskina N.N.
Salixtschuktschorum	Salixtschuktschorum (2)	Derviz-Sokolova T.G. in consultation with Taraskina N.N., Khokhryakov A.P. & Yurtsev B.A.
Salixturczanonowii	Salixturczanonowii (3)	Ivanova M.M., Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Malyshev L.I. & Siplivinskiy V.N.
Betulamiddendorffii	Betulamiddendorffii (1)	Ogureeva G.N.
Betularotundifolia	Betulananassp.rotundifolia (3)	Vodopyanova N.S., Krasnoborov I.M in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I. & Malyshev L.I.
Claytoniaacutifolia	Claytoniaacutifolia (1)	Matveeva N.V., Volkova E.V. in consultation with Yurtsev B.A. & Taraskina N.N.
Claytoniaarctica	Claytoniaarctica (2)	Matveeva N.V. in consultation with Volkova E.V. & Yurtsev B.A.
Claytoniaeschscholtzii	Claytoniaeschscholtzii (1)	Matveeva N.V., Volkova E.V. in consultation with Taraskina N.N. & Yurtsev B.A.
Claytoniajoanneana	Claytoniajoanneana (1)	Matveeva N.V., Volkova E.V. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Claytoniellavassilievii	Claytoniavassilievii (2)	Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Petrovskiy V.V. & Taraskina N.N.
Stellariafischeriana	Stellariafischeriana (1)	Plieva T.V. & Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Sandomirskaya S.I.
Stellariasibirica	Stellariasibirica (4)	Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Khokhryakov A.P.
Arenariaredowskii, A.tschuktschorum	Arenariaredowskii (1), Eremogonetschuktschorum (2)	Petrovskiy V.V. & Taraskina N.N.
Silenechamarensis	Silenechamarensis (3)	Penkovskaya E.F., Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Kashin L.I.
Silenepaucifolia	Silenechamarensisssp.paucifolia (1)	Matveeva N.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Taraskina N.N.
Silenestenophylla	Silenestenophylla (1)	Matveeva N.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Taraskina N.N. & Filipjeva E.O
Melandtiumtriste	Gastrolychnistristis (3)	Bardunov L.V. in consultation with Penkovskaya E.F.
Gypsophilasambukii	Gypsophilasambukii (1)	Plieva T.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Busik V.V., Petrochenko Yu.N. & Sandomirskaya S.I.
Gypsophilauralensis	Gypsophilauralensis (1)	Igoshina K.N. in consultation with Latsenkova A.N. & Storozhevaya M.M.
Gypsophilaviolaceae	Gypsophilaviolaceae (4)	Shreter A.I. in consultation with Khokhryakov A.P.
Trolliusapertus	Trolliusapertus (1)	Igoshina K.N. in consultation with Storozheva M.M.
Callianthemumisopyroides	Callianthemumisopyroides (3)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Malyshev L.I.
Callianthemumsajanense	Callianthemumsajanense (3)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I., Krasnoborov I.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Schibateranthissibirica	Eranthissibirica (3)	Ivanova M.M. in consultation with Kransborov I.M.
Aquilegiaborodinii	Aquilegiaborodinii (3)	Vodopyanova N.S., Gudoshnikov S.V., Krasnoborov I.M., Penkovskaya E.F. in consultation with Kashina L.I. & Malyshev L.I.
Aconitumdesoulavyi	Aconitumdesoulavyi (4)	Gurzenkov N.N. & Gorovoy P.G.
Aconitumpaskoi	Aconitumpascoi (3)	Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Penkovskaya E.F.
Aconitumsajanense	Aconitumsajanense (3)	Gudoshnikov S.V.
Anemonebiarmiensis	Anemonastrumbiarmiensis (1)	Igoshina K.N. in consultation with Storozhevaya M.M. & Laschenkova A.N.
Anemonesibirica	Anemonastrumsibiricum (1)	Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Kiseleva A.A., Krasnoborov I.M., Pavlov E.I. & Yurtsev B.A.
Miyakeaintegrifolia	Miyakeaintegrifolia (4)	Gorovoy P.P., Gurzenkov N.N & Egorova E.M.
Oxygraphisglacialis	Oxygraphisglacialis (1)	Kiseleva A.A. in consultation with Korobkov A.A., Petrovskiy V.V., Taraskina N.N. & Yurtsev B.A.
Papavercanescens	Papavercanescens (3)	Vodopyanova N.S., Penkovskaya E.F. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M., Malyshev L.I. & Siplivinskiy V.N.
Papavernivale	Papavernivale (2)	Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Khokhryakov A.P.
Dicentraperegrina	Dicentraperegrina (1)	Pimenov M.G. in consultation with Gorovoy P.P., Taraskina N.N. & Yurtsev B.A.
Corydalisarctica	Corydalisarctica (1)	Plieva T.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Sandomirskaya S.I. & Taraskina N.N.
Corydalispauciflora	Corydalispauciflora (3)	Vodopyanova N.S., Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Macropodiumnivale	Macropodiumnivale (3)	Kiseleva A.A. in consultation with Polozhiy A.V.
Smelovskiainopinata, Crepisburejensis	Smelovskiainopinata (4), Crepisburejensis (4)	Gorovoy P.G.
Parryagrandiflora	Pachyneurumgrandiflorum (3)	Gudoshnikov S.V.
Ermaniaparryoides	Ermaniaparryoides (1)	Taraskina N.N. & Yurtsev B.A.
Gorodkoviajacutica	Gorodkoviajacutica (2)	Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Galaktionova T.V. & Taraskina N.N.
Borodiniabaicalensis	Borodiniabaicalensis (3)	Petrochenko Yu.N.
Drabaochroleuca	Drabaochroleuca (1)	Malyshev L.I. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S., Goloskokov V.P., Mikhalyova V.M., Taraskina N.N. & Tolmachev A.I.
Drabaturczaninovii	Drabaturczaninovii (3)	Malyshev L.I. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S. & Penkovskaya E.F.
Rhodiolaquadrifida	Rhodiolaquadrifida (1)	Bardunov L.V. in consultation with Penkovskaya E.F. & Petrochenko Yu. N.
Bergeniacrassifolia	Bergeniacrassifolia (3)	Ivanova M.M. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M., Vodopyanova N.S., Goloskokov V.P., Kashina L.I. & Malyshev L.I.
Bergeniapacifica	Bergeniapacifica (4)	Gorovoy P.G & Gurzenkov N.N.
Saxifragaalgisii	Saxifragaalgisii (1)	Petrochenko Yu. N. & Siplivinskiy V.N.
Saxifragaandrosacea	Saxifragaandrosacea (3)	Kiseleva A.A.
Saxifragadahurica	Micranthesdavurica (1)	Petrochenko Yu. N. in consultation with Siplivinskiy V.N., Taraskina N.N., Yurtzev B.A.
Saxifragamerkii	Saxifragamerkii (1)	Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Kiseleva A.A., Yurtzev B.A.
Saxifragamelaleuca	Saxifragamelaleuca (3)	Petrochenko Yu. N., Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Siplivinskiy V.N.
Saxifragamultiflora	Saxifragaomolojensis (2)	Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Khokhryakov A.P., Voroshilov V.N., Petrovskiy V.V. & Taraskina N.N.
Saxifragaredowskiana	Saxifragapunctata (1)	Korobkov A.A., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Gorovoy P.G & Khokhryakov A.P.
Saxifragaterektensis	Saxifragaterektensis (3)	Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Kiseleva A.A., Penkovskaya E.F.
Ribesaltissimum	Ribesaltissimum (3)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I. & Malyshev L.I.
Ribesfragrans	Ribesfragrans (1)	Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Kiseleva A.A., Petrochenko Yu.N., Taraskina N.N., Khokhryakov A.P. & Yurtsev B.A.
Ribesgraveolens	Ribesgraveolens (3)	Vodopyanova N.S., Gudoshnikov S.V. & Krasnoborov I.M.
Potentillaaltaica, Saussureapoljakovii	Potentillaaltaica (3), Saussureapoljakowii (3)	Vodopyanova N.S.
Potentillabiflora	Potentillabiflora (1)	Busik V.V. in consultation with Taraskina N.N. & Yurtsev B.A.
Potentillaelegans	Potentillaelegans (1)	Petrovskiy V.V., Taraskina N.N. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Sieversiapentapetala, S.pusilla	Sieversiapentapetala (4), S.pusilla (1)	Rebristaya O.V.
Novosieversiaglacialis	Acomastylisglacialis (1)	Rebristaya O.V. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S., Malyshev L.I., Petrochenko Yu. N. & Taraskina N.N.
Dryascrenulata	Dryascrenulata (1)	Plieva T.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Galaktionova T.B., Sandomirskaya S.I. & Taraskina N.N.
Dryasgrandis	Dryasgrandis (1)	Plieva T.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Bylova T.V., Kiseleva A.A., Sandomirskaya S.I. & Taraskina N.N.
Dryasoxyodonta	Dryasoxyodonta (3)	Malyshev L.I. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S., Goloskokov V.P., Kashina L.I., Krasnoborov I.M.& Polozhiy A.V.
Dryastschonoskii	Dryastschonoskii (4)	Gorovoy P.G. in consultation with Egorova E.M. & Voroshilov V.N.
Sanguisorbaalpina	Sanguisorbaalpina (3)	Kiseleva A.A. in consultation with Kashina L.I., Goloskokov V.P., Krasnoborov I.M. & Polozhiy A.V.
Rosasichotealinensis, Oxytropisajanensis	Rosasichotealinensis (4), Oxytropisajanensis (4)	Gorovoy P.G. & Gurzenkov N.N.
Trifoliumeximium	Trifoliumeximium (1)	Ivanova M.M., Krasnoborov I.M., Polozhiy A.V. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S.
Astragalussaralensis	Astragalussaralensis (3)	Malyshev L.I. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S., Penkovskaya E.F.
Oxytropisaltaica	Oxytropisaltaica (3)	Ivanova M.M., Polozhiy A.V. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M.
Oxytropisheterotricha, O.kodarensis	Oxytropisheterotricha (3), O.kodarensis (3)	Malyshev L.I. & Yurtsev B.A.
Oxytropismertensiana	Oxytropismertensiana (1)	Plieva T.V. in consultation with Bylova T.V., Sandomirskaya S.I. & Yurtsev B.A.
Oxytropisnigrescens	Oxytropisnigrescens (1)	Plieva T.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Bylova T.V., Sandomirskaya S.I. & Tolmachev A.I.
Oxytropisochotensis	Oxytropisochotensis (2)	Taraskina N.N., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Khokhryakov A.P.
Hedysaruminundatum	Hedysaruminundatum (3)	Ivanova M.M. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S. & Taraskina N.I.
Linumboreale	Linumboreale (1)	Igoshina K.N.
Bupleurumeuphorbiodes, B.triradiatum, Primulacuneifolia	Bupleurumeuphorbiodes (4), B.triradiatum (1), Primulacuneifolia (1)	Gorovoy P.G.
Bupleurummartjanovii	Bupleurummartjanovii (3)	Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Gudoshnikov S.V.
Libanotismonstrosa	Sajanellamonstrosa (3)	Gudoshnikov S.V.
Schultziacrinita	Schultziacrinita (3)	Busik V.V. in consultation with Gudoshnikov S.V. & Krasnoborov I.M.
Tilingiaajanensis	Tilingiaajanensis (1)	Belyj N.F., Gorovoy P.G., Pimenov M.G.. in consultation with Tikhomirov V.N.
Lithosciadiummulticaule	Lithosciadiummulticaule (3)	Ivanova M.M. & Siplivinskiy V.N.
Ligusticummongolicum	Hanseniamongolica (3)	Busik V.V. & Pimenov M.G.
Conioselinumvictoris	Magadaniavictoris (4)	Gorovoy P.G. & Belyj N.F.
Angelicasaxatilis	Angelicasaxatilis (1)	Pimenov M.G.
Phlojodicarpusvillosus	Phlojodicarpusvillosus (1)	Pimenov M.G. in consultation with Gorovoy P.G. & Taraskina N.N.
Phlojodicarpuseryngiifolium	Kitagawiaeryngiifolia (4)	Gorovoy P.G. in consultation with Sakhno V.G.
Rhododendronadamsii	Rhododendronadamsii (1)	Ivanova M.M., Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Galaktionova T.F., Mikhalyova V.M. & Plieva T.V.
Rhododendronaureum	Rhododendronaureum (1)	Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Busik V.V., Gorovoy P.G., Kashina L.I., Mikhalyova V.M. & Taraskina N.N.
Rhododendronredowskianum	Rhododendronredowskianum (1)	Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Busik V.V., Mikhalyova V.M., Taraskina N.N. & Yurtsev B.A.
Phyllodocealeutica	Phyllodocealeutica (4)	Gorovoy P.G. in consultation with Voroshilova V.N. & Egorova E.M.
Bryanthusgmelinii, Arctericanana, Campanulachamissonis, Popoviocodoniastenocarpa, P.uyemurae	Bryanthusgmelinii (4), Arctericanana (4), Campanulachamissonis (4), Popoviocodoniastenocarpa (4), Campanulauyemurae (4)	Shreter A.I.
Cassiopelycopodiodes	Cassiopelycopodiodes (4)	Pimenov M.G. in consultation with Gorovoy P.G.
Cassioperedowskii	Cassioperedowskii (4)	Pimenov M.G.
Diapensiaobovata	Diapensiaobovata (1)	Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Busik V.V., Mikhalyova B.M. & Taraskina N.N.
Androsaceochotensis	Androsaceochotensis (2)	Petrovskiy V.V. & Taraskina N.N.
Gentianafalcata	Comastomafalcatum (3)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P.
Gentianagrandiflora	Ciminalisgrandiflora (3)	Bardunov L.V. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M. & Petrochenko Yu.N.
Gentianauniflora	Calathianauniflora (1)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Kashina L.I. & Malyshev L.I.
Swertiakomarovii	Swertiakomarovii (3)	Ivanova M.M. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S.
Polemoniumpulchellum, Mertensiastylosa	Polemoniumpulchellum (3), Mertensiastylosa (3)	Ivanova M.M. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M.
Mertensiarivularis	Mertensiarivularis (4)	Shreter A.I. in consultation with Krasnoborov I.M.
Dracocephalumpopovii	Dracocephalumpopovii (3)	Busik V.V. & Siplivinskiy V.N.
Phlomiskoraiensis	Phlomiskoraiensis (4)	Gorovoy P.G & Gurzenkov N.N.
Veronicasajanensis	Veronicasajanensis (3)	Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Kashina L.I.
Pedicularisadamsii	Pedicularisalopecuroides (1)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Malyshev L.I., Mikhalyova V.M., Taraskina N.N. & Yurtsev B.A.
Pedicularisamoena	Pedicularisamoena (1)	Plieva T.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Busik V.V., Ivanina L.I. & Sandomirskaya S.I.
Pedicularisarguserrata	Pedicularisanthemifolia (3)	Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Kashina L.I. & Malyshev L.I.
Pedicularisbrachystachys	Pedicularisbrachystachys (3)	Gudoshnikov S.V. in consultation with Malyshev L.I.
Pediculariscompacta	Pediculariscompacta (1)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I., Krasnoborov I.M., Malyshev L.I. & Storozhevaya M.M.
Pediculariseriophora	Pediculariseriophora (4)	Plieva T.V. & Yurtsev B.A.
Pedicularisfissa	Pedicularisfissa (3)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I., Krasnoborov I.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Pedicularistristis	Pedicularistristis (1)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Gorovoy P.G., Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I., Malyshev L.I., Mikhalyova V.M., Penkovskaya E.F., Plieva T.V. & Yurtsev B.A.
Valerianaturczaninowii	Valerianaaltaica (3)	Ivanova M.M., Penkovskaya E.F., Siplivinskiy V.N. in consultation with Kashina L.I.
Campanuladasyantha	Campanuladasyantha (1)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Galaktionova G.F., Gorovoy P.G., Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I., Krasnoborov I.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Astrocodonexpansus	Astrocodonexpansus (4)	Shreter A.I. in consultation with Gorovoy P.G., Taraskina N.N. & Yurtsev B.A.
Erigeronflaccidus	Erigeronflaccidus (1)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Ivanova M.M., Malyshev L.I., Penkovskaya E.F. & Petrochenko Yu.N.
Pyrethrumpulchellum	Pyrethrumpulchellum (3)	Vodopyanova N.S., Gudoshnikov S.V. in consultation with Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I. & Krasnoborov I.M.
Artemisiaflava	Artemisiaflava (2)	Korobkov A.A.
Artemisiafurcata	Artemisiafurcata (1)	Plieva T.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Galaktionova G.F., Korobkov A.A. & Sandomirskaya S.I.
Artemisiaglomerata	Artemisiaglomerata (1)	Pimenov M.G.
Artemisiakruhsiana, A.senjavinensis	Artemisiakruhsiana (2), A.senjavinensis (2)	Korobkov A.A.
Artemisialagopus	Artemisialagopus (1)	Plieva T.V., Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Galaktionova G.F., Korobkov A.A. & Sandomirskaya S.I.
Nardosmiaglacialis, N.gmelinii	Petasitesglacialis (2), P.sibiricus (2)	Petrovskiy V.V. & Taraskina N.N.
Nardosmiasaxatilis	Petasitesrubellus (1)	Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Kashina L.I. & Kiseleva A.A.
Seneciojacuticus	Tephroserisjacutica (1)	Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Gorovoy P.G, Kiseleva A.A., Malyshev L.I., Mikhalyova V.M. & Khokhryakov A.P.
Aconitumsichotense, Seneciosichotensis, Lugulariasichotensis, Saussureaajanensis, S.porcellanea, S.sovietica, Hieraciumcoreanum	Aconitumsichotense (4), Tephroserissichotensis (4), Lugulariasichotensis (4), Saussureaajanensis (4), S.porcellanea (4), S.sovietica (4), Hieraciumcoreanum (4)	Gurzenkov N.N. & Gorovoy P.G.
Seneciotuczaninovii	Tephroseristurczaninovii (3)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Ivanova M.M., Krasnoborov I.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Saussureabaicalensis	Saussureabaicalensis (3)	Vodopyanova N.S., Ivanova M.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Saussureacongesta	Saussureacongesta (3)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I., Krasnoborov I.M. & Malyshev L.I.
Saussureafrolovii, S.sajanensis, Taraxacumaltaicum	Saussureafrolovii (3), S.sajanensis (3), Taraxacumaltaicum (3)	Gudoshnikov S.V.
Saussurealatifolia	Saussurealatifolia (3)	Gudoshnikov S.V., Vodopyanova N.S., Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M. & Kashina L.I.
Saussureaschanginiana	Saussureaschanginiana (1)	Vodopyanova N.S. in consultation with Goloskokov V.P., Ivanova M.M., Kashina L.I., Krasnoborov I.M., Malyshev L.I., Mikhalyova V.M. & Yurtsev B.A.
Saussureauralensis	Saussureauralensis (1)	Igoshina K.N. in consultation with Storozhevaya M.M.
Taraxacumglabrum	Taraxacumglabrum (3)	Malyshev L.I. in consultation with Vodopyanova N.S., Goloskokov V.P. & Krasnoborov I.M.
Crepischrysantha	Crepischrysantha (1)	Krasnoborov I.M. in consultation with Kashina L.I., Kiseleva A.A.
Crepisgmelinii	Crepisgmelinii (1)	Yurtsev B.A. in consultation with Galaktionova T.V.

Project description

Title

№ 121030900138-8 «Biota of terrestrial ecosystems of Baikal Region: composition, structure, eco-geographic patterns»

Personnel

Elena Brianskaia, Denis Sandanov

Study area description

Baikal Region, Russia

Design description

The project carries out studies in different disciplines: flora and plant taxonomy, plant biology and population ecology, vegetation of Baikal Region, fauna and ecology of insects, ecology and geography of vertebrates.

Funding

Russian Federal Budget

Sampling methods

Study extent

Northern Asia is an extensive area, stretching from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east; from the Arctic Ocean in the north to Central and East Asia in the south. According to Malyshev (Malyshev 1979), there are nine areas with alpine flora which includes mountains of Russian Far East, south-eastern Siberia, Ural and Putorana (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

The territory of northern Asia and areas with alpine flora (Malyshev 1979): У – Urals; П – Putorana Plateau; З – the western part of Verkhoyano-Kolymskaya mountain range; В – the eastern part of Verkhoyano-Kolymskaya mountain range; К – Kamchatka; Ю – Southern Siberia and Mongolia; С – Stanovoy highlands; О – Priokhotskiy highlands: Stanovoy, Dzhugzhur, Ezop mountain ranges etc.; Д – the southern part of Russian Far East: Primor’e and Sakhalin.

Sampling description

In total, 231 maps were scanned from the atlas Endemic Alpine Plants of Northern Asia (Vodopyanova et al. 1974). All maps were adjusted to the same size and horizontal position in order to obtain standardised images of the maps. Digitalisation was performed in QGIS 3.10 software by means of a georeferencing tool. Source raster distribution maps were georeferenced by snapping control points to the destination vector shapefile, which, in our case, was the border of Russia. This transformed all the maps to the WGS84 spatial projection. Subsequently, species distribution locations were digitised from each map. Coordinates of each location were calculated by QGIS and displayed in the attribute table.

Quality control

Final examination of the digitised species distribution maps was performed in QGIS 3.10. This step took most of the time and efforts in the entire digitising process. Each digitised map was compared to the original print map and the habitat of each digitised record compared with the habitat characteristics and geographic range of the species concerned reported in literature. Major sources for this part of the review were the Flora of Siberia (Krasnoborov et al. 1997, Lomonosova et al. 1992, Malyshev et al. 1990, Peshkova et al. 1994, Peshkova et al. 1990, Pimenov et al. 1996, Polozhiy et al. 1994, Polozhiy et al. 1996, Timokhina et al. 1993, Vlasova et al. 1987, Vydrina et al. 1998, Doronkin et al. 1997, Kashina et al. 1988) and Vascular Plants of Soviet Far East (Kharkevich 1985, Kharkevich 1987, Kharkevich 1988, Kharkevich 1989, Kharkevich 1991, Kharkevich 1992, Kharkevich 1995, Kharkevich 1996). Almost all (97%) of the digitised maps were consistent with the printed maps. Those that were not included records from near the ocean and in the Far East. They were manually adjusted to match the printed maps. For example, such records were adjusted for for which distribution goes along the sea of Okhotsk (Figs 5, 6, 7, 8). оклонения от речной сети размер точек

Figure 5.

distribution map scan.

Figure 6.

Georeferencing of distribution map in QGIS 3.10.

Figure 7.

The example of distribution records being digitised out of the shapefile in QGIS 3.10.

Figure 8.

The result of distribution records adjusted by reference to their original location in QGIS 3.10.

Coordinate uncertainty in metres was calculated, based on three types of uncertainties (Chapman and Wieczorek 2020). The first type is the coordinate uncertainty of the species occurrence from the herbarium locality description. As mentioned earlier, the maps in the atlas were drawn, based on the herbaria specimen. In order to test this type of coordinate uncertainty, the occurrence dataset from the Moscow University Herbarium (MW) was used as the reference (Seregin 2021). A total of 1500 random occurrences from the Asian part of Russia were taken from MW herabrium and analysed. Generally, the coordinate uncertainty for all analysed occurrences ranges from 0.1 to 60 km. All the data were divided in three random groups by 500 occurrences. The mean coordinate uncertainty for each group equals to 3.86, 5.66 and 2.96 km. Thus, the mean value amongst these three groups was close to 4 km. Based on this result, we established approximately 5 km as the coordinate uncertainty.

The second type is the coordinate uncertainty of the drawn maps. The endemic plants of the northern Asia atlas includes four types of maps: a) for the entire northern Asia; b) for northern Asia from 1200 to 1700 E; c) for south Siberia from 750 to 1200 E; d) for Far East including Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands. The coordinate uncertainty of distribution records on each type of the map varies due to its scale. The calculation of coordinate uncertainty of the drawn maps was performed by measuring the distance between species distribution records and the closest river drainage in QGIS 3.10. River drainage was crucial in Soviet botanical mapping as it was used as the reliable feature for species occurrence location. In order to calculate the average coordinate uncertainty, each distance was summarised and divided by the number of measurements. Thus, a) 30 km is the uncertainty for distribution records of the entire northern Asia maps; b) 25 km for the northern Asia maps from 1200 to 1700 E; c) 20 km for the south Siberia maps from 750 to 1200 E; d) 15 km for the Far East maps including Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands.

The third type is the coordinate uncertainty of the map digitalisation in QGIS 3.10. To test the coordinate uncertainty of the map digitalisation, three experts independently performed it on their computers for each of four types of the maps. As a result, the coordinate uncertainty was less than 5 km in all cases in all types of the maps by three experts.

The final coordinate uncertainty was calculated by summariing all three above-mentioned uncertainties for four types of maps.

Geographic coverage

Description

The majority of the records were located within Russia (12762 records – 93.1%; Fig. 4), but a few came from other countries: Mongolia (440 records – 3.2%), Kazakhstan (414 records – 3%), China (58 records – 0.4%), Japan (16 records – 0.1%), USA, Alaska (12 records – 0.1%) and Kyrgyzstan (7 records – 0.05%).

Figure 4.

Geographic coverage of distribution records.

Coordinates

38.723405 and 77.563972 Latitude; 179.986717 and -179.985022 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

In total, the dataset includes 231 species with 13709 distribution records from 31 families and 106 genera. The top 10 families hold 64% (8783 records) of the total number of endemic alpine species distribution records (Table 2). Additionally, a number of species distribution records were compiled for each species (Table 3). There are 44 species with distribution records > 10; 31 species > 20; 29 species >30; 32 species > 50; 46 species > 100; 49 species < 100.

Table 2.

Taxonomic distribution of endemic alpine species of northern Asia in the dataset. Families are listed in descending order of the number of species.

№	Family	Num. of species	Num. of records
1	Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl	37	2054
2	Fabaceae Lindl.	17	484
3	Poaceae Barnhart	16	579
4	Saxifragaceae Juss.	16	860
5	Brassicaceae Burnett	14	396
6	Salicaceae Mirb.	14	978
7	Ranunculaceae Juss.	13	725
8	Rosaceae Juss.	12	854
9	Apiaceae Lindl.	11	958
10	Caryophyllaceae Juss.	11	895
11	Scrophulariaceae Juss.	9	721
12	Ericaceae Juss.	8	735
13	Cyperaceae Juss.	6	424
14	Papaveraceae	6	387
15	Campanulaceae Juss.	5	200
16	Gentianaceae Juss.	5	298
17	Portulacaceae Juss.	5	317
18	Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh.	4	137
19	Grossulariaceae D.C.	3	249
20	Lamiaceae Martinov	3	39
21	Betulaceae Gray	2	595
22	Boraginaceae Juss.	2	49
23	Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil.	2	131
24	Cupressaceae Gray	2	206
25	Lentibulariaceae Rich.	2	47
26	Pteridaceae E.D. M. Kirchn.	1	28
27	Diapensiaceae Lindl.	1	213
28	Juncaceae Juss.	1	59
29	Linaceae DC. ex Perleb	1	22
30	Polemoniaceae Juss.	1	27
31	Valerianaceae Batsch	1	42

Table 3.

Species and its number of distribution records in the dataset. Species records are listed in descending order.

Betulamiddendorffii	415	Artemisiaglomerata	103	Paracolpodiumaltaicum	57
Rhododendronaureum	401	Rhodiolaquadrifida	103	Salixsajanensis	56
Schulziacrinita	306	Ribesaltissimum	103	Tephroserisjacutica	56
Anemonastrumsibiricum	290	Salixtschuktschorum	103	Salixtorulosa	55
Silenechamarensis	276	Dryasgrandis	102	Taraxacumglabrum	55
Crepischrysantha	239	Corydalisarctica	101	Saxifragaterektensis	54
Pedicularisamoena	220	Oxytropisnigrescens	96	Poapseudoabbreviata	53
Diapensiaobovata	213	Hedysaruminundatum	93	Crepispolytricha	52
Carexledebouriana	209	Silenechamarensisssp.paucifolia	91	Callianthemumisopyroides	51
Bergeniacrassifolia	204	Corydalispauciflora	90	Oxytropisaltaica	50
Salixsphenophylla	191	Dicentraperegrina	90	Saxifragaandrosacea	50
Betularotundifolia	180	Leymusinterior	90	Trifoliumeximium	49
Juniperuspseudosabina	179	Claytoniajoanneana	88	Saxifragaalgizii	49
Acomastylisglacialis	171	Petasitesglacialis	86	Primulacuneifolia	47
Pediculariscompacta	164	Poaaltaica	86	Salixfimbriata	47
Potentillaelegans	161	Oxygraphisglacialis	85	Drabaochroleuca	46
Tilingiaajanensis	160	Papavercanescens	85	Salixnasarovii	46
Petasitessibiricus	139	Stellariafischeriana	85	Ermaniaparryoides	45
Artemisiafurcata	136	Saussureacongesta	83	Gorodkoviajacutica	44
Ciminalisgrandiflora	135	Gypsophilauralensis	81	Hyalopoalanatiflora	43
Claytoniaacutifolia	135	Artemisiakruhsiana	77	Pedicularisanthemifolia	43
Forniciumcarthamoides	135	Gastrolychnistristis	76	Pedicularisfissa	43
Macropodiumnivale	132	Saxifragamerkii	75	Valerianaaltaica	42
Bupleurumtriradiatum	130	Hanseniamongolica	74	Sieversiapentapetala	41
Rhododendronadamsii	129	Tephroseristurczaninovii	74	Sieversiapusilla	41
Salixrectijulis	125	Eremogonetschuktschorum	73	Pedicularisbrachystachys	40
Salixturczaninowii	125	Saxifragapunctata	73	Lithosciadiummulticaule	39
Phlojodicarpusvillosus	124	Rhododendronredowskianum	72	Taraxacumaltaicum	39
Campanuladasyantha	121	Sajanellamonstrosa	72	Aquilegiaborodinii	37
Eriophorumhumile	117	Pyrethrumpulchellum	70	Helictotrichonmongolicum	37
Sanguisorbaalpina	116	Angelicasaxatilis	69	Oxytropiskusnetzovii	37
Saussureaschanginiana	115	Callianthemumsajanense	65	Ribesgraveolens	36
Salixdivaricata	114	Potentillabiflora	65	Salixbrayi	36
Saussurealatifolia	114	Saxifragaredofskyi	65	Saussureafrolowii	36
Pedicularistristis	113	Androsaceochotensis	64	Trolliusapertus	36
Silenestenophylla	112	Artemisialagopus	63	Drabaturczaninowii	35
Anemonastrumbiarmiensis	111	Scirpusmaximowiczii	61	Aconitumpascoi	33
Calanthianauniflora	110	Claytoniaarctica	60	Saussureabaicalensis	33
Dryasoxyodonta	110	Salixberberifolia	60	Saussureapoljakowii	32
Ribesfragrans	110	Gypsophilasambukii	59	Saxifragadavurica	32
Saxifragamelaleuca	110	Luzulaarcuata	59	Pinguiculaspathulata	31
Petasitesrubellus	105	Cassiopelycopodioides	58	Bryanthusgmelinii	30
Erigeronflaccidus	104	Pedicularisalopecuroides	58	Claytoniaeschscholitzii	30
Dracocephalumfragile	30	Chrysospleniumpeltatum	17	Oxytropisheterotricha	7
Mertensiastylosa	30	Drabapygmaea	17	Aconitumdesoulavyi	6
Ptilagrostisjunatovii	30	Kitagawiaeryngiifolia	17	Magadaniavictoris	6
Oxytropisochotensis	29	Saxifragakruhsiana	17	Swertiabaicalensis	6
Saxifragabrachypetala	29	Festucachionobia	16	Taraxacumsoczavae	6
Campanulachamissonis	28	Kreczetovicziauniflora	16	Cardaminepedata	5
Cryptogrammaraddeana	28	Pinguiculaalgida	16	Dracocephalumpopovii	5
Eranthissibirica	28	Poaircutica	16	Salixkhokhrjakovii	5
Rhodiolapinnatifida	28	Chrysospleniumalberti	15	Poaivanoviae	4
Crepisgmelinii	27	Koeleriageniculata	15	Phlomiskoraiensis	4
Microbiotadecussata	27	Pediculariseriophora	15	Cardamineconferta	4
Polemoniumpulchellum	27	Potentillaaltaica	15	Claytoniavassilievii	4
Saxifragamultiflora	27	Phyllodocealeutica	14	Crepisburejensis	4
Bupleurummatrjanovii	26	Salixkamtschatica	13	Miyakeaintegrifolia	4
Comastomafalcatum	26	Borodiniabaicalensis	12	Oxytropisajanensisssp.semiglobosa	4
Astragalussaralensis	25	Arctericanana	12	Oxytropiskodarensis	4
Astrocodonexpansus	25	Arenariaredowskii	12	Oxytropisoxyphylloides	4
Veronicasajanensis	25	Cardaminevictoris	12	Oxytropissumneviczii	3
Androsacegorodkovii	24	Oxytropissajanensis	12	Aconitumsichotense	3
Chrysospleniumbaicalense	23	Saussureauralensis	12	Artemisiaflava	3
Gypsophilaviolacea	23	Arabisturczaninowii	11	Delphiniumsajanense	3
Helictotrichonkrylovii	23	Corydalisgorodkovii	11	Ligulariasichotensis	3
Oxytropismertensiana	23	Oxytropisjurtzevii	11	Saussureaporcellanea	3
Pachyneurumgrandiflorum	23	Saussureasquarrosa	11	Tephroserissichotensis	3
Linumboreale	22	Artemisiasenjavinensis	10	Rosa sichotealinensis	2
Swertiakomarovii	21	Papavernivale	10	Androsacesemiperennis	2
Dryascrenulata	21	Dryastschonoskii	9	Hieraciumcoreanum	2
Bergeniapacifica	20	Aconitumsajanense	9	Salixjurtzevii	2
Carexalticola	20	Bupleurumeuphorbioides	9	Saussureasovietica	2
Pyrethrumlanuginosum	20	Koeleriaatroviolacea	9	Smelowskiainopinata	2
Cassioperedowskii	19	Elymussajanensis	8	Carexcaucasica	1
Mertensiarivularis	19	Eutremaedwardsii	8	Oxytropisajanensis	1
Popoviocodoniastenocarpa	19	Stellariasibirica	7	Saussureaajanensis	1
Festucasichotensis	18	Campanulauyemurae	7	Saussureasajanensis	1
Total number of records: 13709

Temporal coverage

Notes

Dates of records range from 1913 to 1972 and were published in 1974.

Usage licence

Usage licence

Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)

IP rights notes

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 Licence.

Data resources

Data package title

Endemic Alpine Plants of Northern Asia

Resource link

https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8ee10704-0472-4b5b-aa95-99748552c09c

Alternative identifiers

https://doi.org/ 10.15468/96hq83

Number of data sets

1

Data set 1.

Data set name

Endemic Alpine Plants of Northern Asia

Data format

Darwin Core

Number of columns

29

Data format version

1.0

Description

We describe a dataset providing information on the geographic distribution of northern Asian endemic alpine plants. It was obtained by digitising maps from the atlas “Endemic alpine species of Northern Asia” (1974). The dataset includes 13709 species distribution records, representing 211 species from 31 families and 106 genera. Each record provides data regarding the distribution of an individual species.

Data set 1.

Column label	Column description
eventDate	The date-time or interval during which an Event occurred. For occurrences, this is the date-time when the event was recorded. Not suitable for a time in a geological context. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/eventDate
eventRemarks	Comments or notes about the Event. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/eventRemarks
type	The nature or genre of the resource. http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/type
continent	The name of the continent in which the Location occurs. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/continent
acceptedNameUsage	The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) taxon in the online version. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/acceptedNameUsage
scientificName	The full scientific name as in the "Endemic alpine plants of Northern Asia" 1974. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificName
occurrenceID	An identifier for the Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the occurrence). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the occurrenceID globally unique. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/occurrenceID
kingdom	The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/kingdom
phylum	The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/phylum
class	The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/class
order	The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/order
family	The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/family
genus	The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified as in the "Endemic alpine plants of Northern Asia" 1974. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/genus
specificEpithet	The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName as in the "Endemic alpine plants of Northern Asia" 1974. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/specificEpithet
taxonRank	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonRank
decimalLatitude	The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/decimalLatitude
decimalLongitude	The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/decimalLongitude
geodeticDatum	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/geodeticDatum
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres	The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location.http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/coordinateUncertaintyInMeters
verbatimCoordinateSystem	The coordinate format for the verbatimLatitude and verbatimLongitude or the verbatimCoordinates of the Location. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimCoordinateSystem
georeferencedBy	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the Location. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/georeferencedBy
higherGeography	A list (concatenated and separated) of geographic names less specific than the information captured in the locality term. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/higherGeography
country	The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the Location occurs. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/country
countryCode	The standard code for the country in which the Location occurs. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/countryCode
language	A language of the resource. http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/language
licence	A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. http://purl.org/dc/terms/license
associatedReferences	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, bibliographic reference, global unique identifier, URI) of literature associated with the Occurrence. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/associatedReferences
basisOfREcords	The specific nature of the data record. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/basisOfRecord
infraspecificEpithet	The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName as in the "Endemic alpine plants of Northern Asia" 1974. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/infraspecificEpithet