Three-dimensional intraoperative computed tomography imaging for zygomatic fracture repair.

OBJECTIVES: Zygomatic complex (ZMC) fractures comprise up to 40% of all facial fractures. Misaligned bone fragments and misplaced fixation hardware traditionally detected postoperatively on plain radiographs of the skull might require re-operation. The intraoperative O-Arm (Medtronic, USA) is a three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic imaging system.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective single-center study evaluated the utility of O-Arm scanning during corrective surgeries for ZMC and zygomatic arch (ZA) fractures from 2018 to 2020. Three females and 16 males (mean age, 31.52 years; range, 22-48 years) were included. Fracture instability (n=6) and facial deformity (n=15) were the most frequent indications for intraoperative 3D O-Arm scan.
RESULTS: The images demonstrated that all fracture lines were properly reduced and fixed. Another scan performed at the end of the fixation or reduction stage, however, revealed suboptimal results in five of the 19 cases, and further reduction and fixation of the fracture lines were required.
CONCLUSION: Implementation of an intraoperative O-Arm system in ZMC and ZA fracture surgeries assists in obtaining predictable and accurate results and obviates the need for revision surgeries. The device should be considered for precise operations such as ZMC fracture repairs.

I. Introduction

Fractures of the zygoma and surrounding bones are common facial bone fractures and are likely the most common type of orbital fractures[1]. Zygomatic complex (ZMC) fractures account for 40%-57% of facial fractures, while zygomatic arch (ZA) fractures account for 10.5%-13.8%[2-5]. The four articulations of the zygoma with the adjacent facial bones (sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and maxilla) have aesthetic significance for restoration of facial width and lateral projection of the face. The multiaxis structures of both ZMC and orbitozygomatic region fractures pose challenges to surgeons in assessment and proper reduction. Postoperative plain radiographs of the skull, such as Waters and submentovertex views, are used traditionally to evaluate reduction of bony segments following ZMC fracture repair[6,7].

Patients who sustain ZMC and ZA fractures can present with a wide variety of signs and symptoms, such as periorbital hematoma, sensory alterations in cranial nerve V facial skin spread, pain, restriction of eyeball movement due to muscle entrapment within fracture lines, limited opening of the mouth, and facial deformity[1,2-4,8]. The signs and symptoms of these fractures are related to the specific fracture site. For example, if the ZA is depressed medially, interference with the movement of the coronoid process can cause limited mouth opening, since the coronoid process strikes the depressed malar eminence as it moves forward during jaw opening[1,9]. Loss of prominence of the malar eminence is a frequent sequela of ZMC fractures, and it can be concealed by soft tissue swelling during the first days following trauma[10]. The lateral canthal ligament attaches to the frontal process of the zygoma and can be displaced in ZMC fractures[11]. Inferior and posterior displacements of the zygoma produce varying degrees of increased or decreased volumes of the orbital cavity[12]. Diplopia can be present due to entrapment of the orbital muscles within the fracture lines, and fractures of the infraorbital rim can lead to sensory impairment due to an infraorbital nerve injury[8]. The sphenozygomatic (SZ) junction is an important landmark in ZMC fracture reduction. The alignment of the zygoma with the greater wing of the sphenoid in the lateral orbit is critical for adequate reduction of ZMC fractures[13].

Several imaging techniques for ZMC fractures have been mentioned in the literature. The submentovertex view allows the ZA contour and malar projection to be evaluated. However, it can be challenging for the operating surgeon to assess the maxillozygomatic (MZ), SZ, and frontozygomatic articulations due to the effects of superimpositions between adjacent anatomical structures and the imaging plane. Moreover, adequate assessment of the orbital floor is not possible on plain radiographs due to the same limitations[14]. Intraoperative ultrasonography (US) offers good visualization of the ZA and possibly the frontozygomatic articulation; however, the MZ and SZ articulations are more difficult to visualize, and malar projections cannot be assessed with US. Assessment of the orbital floor is possible with US, but the accuracy is lower than with a computed tomographic (CT) scan[15,16]. In contrast to these approaches, intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) imaging is an effective tool for evaluating ZMC fracture reduction because it enables a 3D evaluation of all the articulations and eliminates the need for postoperative imaging[13]. Intraoperative imaging with mobile CT systems during corrective surgeries for ZMC fractures has been described with promising results, although this approach has not been accepted broadly[17-19] due to limited availability and practical limitations[14]. The O-Arm (Medtronic, Littleton, MA, USA) is a mobile X-ray system designed for 2D fluoroscopy and 3D imaging, with high X-ray attenuation between bone anatomy and metallic objects.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of intraoperative 3D imaging using the O-Arm system as an approach for routine use in ZMC and ZA corrective surgeries.

II. Materials and Methods

This retrospective study included consecutive patients who had sustained ZMC or ZA fracture and were planning to undergo corrective surgery in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, from 2018 to 2020. Ethical application was submitted to the Helsinki Ethics Committee, and approval was obtained on 11/11/2020 (0970-20-TLV). Preoperative clinical evaluation and facial bone CT scans were performed in the emergency room as part of the institutional trauma protocol.

Lateral eyebrow, transconjunctival, coronal, and intraoral approaches were used as appropriate to explore and fix the various fracture lines. The Gillis approach was used to reduce ZA fractures. The inferior orbital rim was reconstructed with 1.5 mm microplates. ZMC buttresses were reconstructed with 2.0 mm miniplates. Radiographic evaluation of the reduction was performed intraoperatively before wound closure, and the O-Arm system was used in the low-dose mode with a CT dose index of 19.78 mGy cm, a dose length product of 316 mGy cm, and a slice thickness of 0.6-1.0 mm. The patient’s head was placed in alignment with the isocenter beam (i.e., the central axis of the radiation beam that passes through a single point in space) that was marked with assistance from a laser marker, and a single fluoroscopic image was produced to ensure that the scan would cover the entire desired field.

The operative results were verified with secondary imaging reconstructions generated with the O-Arm program. After the scan, the data were exported in DICOM format and imported into the patientʼs medical file. Primary axial reconstruction and secondary pseudo-coronal and pseudo-sagittal reconstructions were generated. The scan was evaluated for fracture line reduction, ZMC and ZA symmetry, accuracy of fixation, and orbital shape and volume in comparison to the opposite side. Repair deviations from the side that did not undergo operation were recorded in mm, as was the location of the maximal deviation.

III. Results

Nineteen patients with ZMC fractures (n=17) or ZA fractures (n=2) were treated for zygoma fracture repair. Three patients underwent a closed reduction alone, and 16 underwent an open reduction and internal fixation. The inferior orbital rim was reconstructed in four ZMC cases. The distributions of patient age, sex, mechanism of injury, fracture type, surgical repair approach, need for revision reduction, and maximal repair deviation and location are summarized in Table 1. The male-to-female ratio was 16:3, and the patients’ ages ranged from 22 to 48 years (mean age, 31.5 years).

Table 1

Distribution of age, sex, mechanism of injury, fracture type, surgical repair approach, need for a revision reduction, maximal correction error and location

Patient No.	Age (yr)	Sex	Mechanism of injury	Fracture type	Surgical approach	Revision reduction	Maximal correction error (mm)	Location of maximal correction error
1	28	M	Assault	Left ZMC	Intraoral and lateral eyebrow	No	+9 axial	MZ
2	27	M	Road accident	Right ZMC	Transconjunctival and lateral eyebrow	No	0	None
3	31	M	Fall	Right ZMC	Coronal	No	+8 axial	SZ
4	36	M	Fall	Right ZMC	Intraoral and lateral eyebrow	No	–1 axial	MZ
5	27	F	Road accident	Left ZMC	Intraoral	No	+6 axial	SZ
6	30	M	Fall	Right ZA	Gillies	No	0	None
7	30	M	Road accident	Right ZMC	Intraoral	No	+2 axial	MZ
8	29	M	Fall	Left ZMC	Gillies	No	+1 axial	ZA
9	23	F	Assault	Left ZMC	Intraoral, transconjunctival, and lateral eyebrow	Yes	–1 axial	ZA
10	23	M	Road accident	Left ZA	Gillies incision	Yes	+3 axial	ZA
11	26	M	Road accident	Right ZMC	Intraoral and lateral eyebrow	No	+2 axial	MZ
12	34	M	Road accident	Left ZMC	Transconjunctival,Gillies,and lateral eyebrow	Yes	+4 axial	SZ
13	31	M	Sport accident	Left ZMC	Transconjunctival and lateral eyebrow	No	0	None
14	40	M	Road accident	Right ZMC	Intraoral	Yes	+2 axial	ZA
15	22	F	Road accident	Right ZMC	Intraoral	No	0	None
16	27	M	Road accident	Right ZMC	Lateral eyebrow	No	–1 axial	ZA
17	32	M	Road accident	Left ZMC	Intraoral and lateral eyebrow	No	+6 axial	Zygoma body
18	48	M	Road accident	Left ZMC	Gillies and lateral eyebrow	No	+2 axial	ZA
19	42	M	Road accident	Right ZMC	Lateral eyebrow	Yes	–2 axial	ZA

(M: male, F: female, ZMC: zygomatic complex, MZ: maxillozygomatic, SZ: sphenozygomatic, ZA: zygomatic arch)

The intraoperative handling of the system was safe and uncomplicated. On average, patient covering, scanner laser alignment, scan process, machine removal, and data evaluation took 16 minutes. One dataset was sufficient to visualize intraoperatively all fractures for each of the patients. The 3D scan revealed inadequate reduction in five patients, and realignment of the fracture was performed with satisfactory results for all five of them. In all cases, one additional O-Arm scan was sufficient to confirm a satisfactory correction. None of the 19 cases required a revision surgery. The datasets for all of the O-Arm scans were suitable for assessing the ZMC and ZA fracture reductions.(Fig. 1, 2)

Fig. 1

A composite figure presenting two clinical cases. Case No. 1: a preoperative computed tomographic scan demonstrating a right zygomatic arch fracture (A) followed by an intraoperative O-Arm scan that demonstrates an adequate reduction of the zygomatic arch fracture (B). Case No. 2: an insufficient reduction of a left zygomatic complex (ZMC) fracture as demonstrated in an intraoperative O-Arm scan (C), and a second intraoperative O-Arm scan following the correction of the reduction and fixation of the left ZMC fracture lines (D).

Fig. 2

A composite figure presenting another case: a preoperative three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction computed tomographic scan demonstrates a left zygomatic complex fracture (A, B) followed by an intraoperative O-Arm scan that demonstrates a proper reduction and fixation of the zygomatic complex fracture (C), and a 3D reconstruction of the same intraoperative O-Arm scan presenting a good clinical result (D).

IV. Discussion

Zygoma fractures can impact clinical outcomes and can compromise functional ability and esthetic facial appearance. In their comprehensive study, Kim et al.[7] compared soft tissue differences over repaired zygoma fractures using cephalometric points measured in cone-beam CT scans. They found soft tissue asymmetry that was directly related to the amount of hard tissue dislocated after surgery. Management of ZMC and ZA fracture can be challenging due to the difficulties with clinical evaluation of the extent of the injury due to facial edema, periorbital hematoma, and poor patient cooperation due to pain. The reduction and fixation stages during the surgery also can be challenging due to the complicated 3D structures of ZMC and ZA fractures and the effects on facial symmetry, orbital content anatomy and function, and mouth opening. An intraoperative imaging system would allow surgical results to be visualized before wound closure. In the present study, the O-Arm system was a highly successful approach for visualization and could minimize the need for revision interventions following the initial ZMC and ZA corrective surgeries.

Plain radiographs of the skull, such as the Waters view, the submentovertex view, and lateral radiographs to evaluate intraoperatively ZMC and ZA fracture reconstruction are used frequently[6,7]. However, the resolution of these images and the superimpositions with adjacent bony structures, especially in the region of the orbital walls, can result in inadequate surgical results. Orbital wall involvement in ZMC fractures cannot be ruled out, and 3D imaging is superior for detecting and evaluating the surgical result[11]. Systems such as the O-Arm can help facilitate the adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques by providing intraoperative 3D imaging findings and thereby improving the accuracy of the surgical intervention and outcome, while decreasing surgery time, reducing patient morbidity, and saving money. The O-Arm system has been used extensively in spinal neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, skull base surgery, intracranial surgery, and trauma surgery, as well as minimally invasive interventions[20]. Intraoperative imaging, such as US, spiral CT, and cone beam CT, revealed the need for additional reduction of ZMC fractures in up to 54% (mean, 18%) of cases[14]. Intraoperative use of an US alone was associated with a revision rate of 54%[6].

The radiation dose can be a pivotal issue in clinical application of imaging studies. According to Sarwahi et al.[21], the effective radiation doses for the O-Arm vary between 0.68-2.1 mSv depending on the imaging protocol. Verhofste et al.[22] claim that the mean effective radiation dose for the O-Arm scans is 1.57±0.818 mSv. These values are larger than the effective radiation doses of skeletal plain radiographs (0.03-0.22 mSv)[23] but smaller or equal to those of a head CT scan (1.05-2.16 mSv)[21].

The 3D O-Arm scan combines a more accurate and informative 3D image than that provided by 2D plain radiographs, at the price of slightly higher amounts of radiation, if more than one plain radiograph is needed to evaluate the surgical outcome. The preferential use of the 3D O-Arm scan is in agreement with Stanley’s finding[19] and Wilde et al.’s finding[24]. With regard to patient satisfaction, Kurita et al.[25] reported that 43% of the patients were dissatisfied with the projection of the zygoma and the aesthetic result. An additional surgical maneuver was needed during the surgery in five of the 19 study patients (26.3%) following the information provided by the intraoperative O-Arm scan, and revision surgery was avoided. In contrast to the traditional postoperative imaging studies, the intraoperative O-Arm scan was instrumental for achieving a more accurate and predictable surgical outcome. Further, physicians and patients should consider the personal harm to patients associated with poor surgical outcomes, and the financial burden placed upon hospitals when a revision surgery for ZMC and ZA fractures is required cannot be underestimated. Using an intraoperative 3D O-Arm imaging system, reduction of the ZMC and ZA fractures can be assessed in real time, enabling immediate intervention if indicated and avoiding the need for a second surgical intervention and facilitating more predictable and accurate outcomes. The intraoperative 3D O-Arm scan is highly beneficial in ZMC and ZA corrective surgeries, which are difficult technically to execute for the operating surgeon and which have critically important functional and aesthetic ramifications for the patients.

V. Conclusion

Implementation of an intraoperative O-Arm system in ZMC and ZA fracture surgeries assists in obtaining predictable and accurate results and obviates the need for revision surgeries. The device should be considered for precise operations such as ZMC fracture repairs.