| Literature DB >> 34505428 |
Sandong Yang1, Naijie Li2, Zhou Ma2, Tao Tang2, Tong Li2,3.
Abstract
The miniaturization of liquid chromatography equipment is among the most important focus areas in chromatographic technology. It involves the miniaturization of the physical dimensions of the instrument, size of the separation material, and inner diameter of the column. The advantages of a reduced inner diameter of the column have been investigated for several decades, and can be summarized as follows. First, the sample consumption is lower, which is particularly beneficial when a limited amount of sample is available, as is the case with natural products, and in biochemistry and biomedicine. Second, the consumption of the mobile phase is reduced, making the process environmentally friendly and facilitating green chemistry. This allows the addition of more expensive solvent additives, such as chiral additives or isotopic reagents, while maintaining a low analysis cost. Moreover, the degree of band dilution in the column is lower than that with conventional liquid chromatography under the same sample injection conditions. Thus, enhanced mass sensitivity is achieved. Other benefits of a reduced inner diameter of the column include temperature control due to effective heat transfer through the columns and easier coupling to mass detectors, which is particularly advantageous for analyzing complex samples. Typically, the term “nano liquid chromatography” is associated with liquid chromatography, which employs capillary columns of inner diameters less than 100 μm and flow rates in the range of tens to hundreds of nanoliters per minute. Because of the extremely low flow rates and small column volume, the extra-column effect becomes more prominent. Thus, the requirements for every component of liquid chromatographs are augmented toward improving their performance and optimizing the extra-column band broadening of the entire system. The solvent delivery equipment should be able to pump mobile phases accurately and steadily at nanoliter-level flow rates. A gradient mode is required to achieve this, which implies that the lowest flow rate for a single pump unit should reach a few nanoliters per minute. A certain operating pressure is also necessary to employ columns with different inner diameters and particle sizes. A precise and repeatable sample injection procedure is essential for nano liquid chromatography. The injection volume and mode should be suitable for capillary columns, without inducing a significant extra-column effect. A higher-sensitivity detector should be employed, and sample dispersion should be limited. The improved tubing and connection method in nano liquid chromatography should offer stability, reliability, and ease of operation. The extra-column volume should also be restricted to suit nanoliter-level flow rates. Considering that most nano liquid chromatographic instruments have been coupled with a mass detector, this review mainly focused on nanoliter solvent delivery modules, sample injection modules, and tubing and connection modules. By searching and summarizing research articles, technical patents, and brochures of instrument manufacturers, technical routes and research progress on these modules were described in detail. The pump designs can be classified into four types. Pneumatic amplifying pumps have been used in ultra-high-pressure applications. The flow-splitting delivery system, though easy to realize, may lead to a large amount of solvent wastage. Splitless pumps, which are classified based on two main principles, are widely used. Some pumps based on other physical phenomena have been suggested; however, they lacked stability and robustness. Two types of injection modes have been utilized in nano liquid chromatography. The direct nanoliter injection mode typically takes advantage of the groove on the rotor of a switching valve. The trapping injection mode uses trap columns to enable the introduction of large sample volumes. As for the tubing and connection, a few appropriate designs can be acquired from commercial suppliers. The robustness has been improved using some patented technologies. The optimization principles and research progress on optical absorption detection are briefly introduced. Finally, commercial nano liquid chromatographic systems are compared by considering the pumps and injectors.Entities:
Keywords: extra-column effect; injection equipment; miniaturization; nano liquid chromatography; solvent delivery equipment; tubing and connection
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2021 PMID: 34505428 PMCID: PMC9404240 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.06017
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
图1主动分流调节技术示意图
图2不分流纳升输液装置示意图
两种不分流纳升输液装置的优缺点
| Pump type | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Syringe pump | compact structure, stable during experiment, no check valve in pump head, convenient maintenance | limited delivery time due to pump cavity, inevitable system equilibrating procedure before every analysis |
| Continuous flow pump | no limit to delivery time, fast equilibration between continuous experiments | complex structure and control algorithm, higher failure rate caused by multiple check valves |
图3电渗泵结构示意图
纳升流速输液装置汇总
| Type | Driving principle | Flow rate | Maximum | Continuous | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pneumatic amplifying pump | pneumatic with multiple amplification | 12-1.7×106 | 900 | no | [ |
| Active flow splitting systems | split ratio is inversely proportional to resistance ratio | 50-2.5×106 | 40 | yes | [ |
| Continuous flow pump | high precision motors driving double pistons in | 20-1×105 | 100 | yes | [ |
| series/parallel | |||||
| Syringe pump | high precision motor driving single piston | 20-2×103 | 120 | no | [ |
| Electroosmotic pump | electroosmotic phenomenon | 0-5×104 | 40 | no | [ |
| Magnetostriction pump | magnetostrictive effect | - | 130 kN | no | [ |
| Thermal expansion pump | thermal expansion of liquid | 10-5×104 | 10 | no | [ |
| Phase transition pump | volume change during phase transition of liquid or solid | minimum 100 | 80 | no | [ |
-: not provided.
图4集成式进样阀装置示意图
图5可变体积进样阀示意图
图6捕集进样方式的示意图
纳升液相色谱进样方式对比
| Injection mode | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Built-in sample | simple, robust, no sample loss | limited injection volume and peak capacity, no protection of the separation column | [ |
| Variable-volume | robust, no sample loss, variable injection volume | higher machining precision, no protection of the separation column | [ |
| Timed injection | variable injection volume, simple | precision affected by time and flow rate, no protection of the separation column | [ |
| Trapped on a | sample wash, greater injection volume, small dead volumes, protection of the separation column | interruption of the flow, pressure and spray, limited robustness, possible sample loss on the trap column | [ |
| Trapped by | sample wash, greater injection volume, robust, protection of the separation column | possible sample loss on the trap column, more modules | [ |
| TASF | greater injection volume, small dead volumes, lower dispersion | repeatability affected by temperature control, baseline disturbance | [ |
TASF: temperature-assisted on-column solute focusing.
图7连接方式
部分商品化纳升液相色谱系统的指标参数
| Manufacturer | Model | Pump | Autosampler | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flow rate | maximum | Flow precision | Delay | Lowest | Injection repeatability | |||
| Thermo Fisher | Ultimate 3000 RSLCnano | 0.02-50 | 80 | 0.2 (300 nL/min) | 25 | 0.01 | 0.4%(full loop, 1 μL) | |
| Scientific | ||||||||
| Thermo Fisher | EASY-nano LC 1200 | 0.02-2 | 120 | 0.4 | 1000 | 0.1 | 0.2%(pick-up, 5 μL), | |
| Scientific | 3.0%(pick-up, 0.1 μL) | |||||||
| AB Sciex | Ekspert nanoLC 400 | 0.1-50 | 69 | 0.35 (500 nL/min) | 25 | 0.1 | 0.5%(full loop ), | |
| 1%(pick-up, >1 μL) | ||||||||
| Waters | ACQUITY UPLC M-Class | 0.2-100 | 100 | - | 1000 | 0.1 | 1%(0.2-1.9 μL), | |
| 0.5%(2-10 μL) | ||||||||
| Agilent | 1200 Infinity nano | 0.01-4 | 40 | 0.7 | 300 | - | - | |
| Shimadzu | Nano Prominence | 0.001-5 | 40 | - | - | - | - | |
-: not provided.