Affinity-Guided Isolation and Identification of Procyanidin B2 from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Rinds and its In Vitro LPS Binding and Neutralization Activities.

Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) is a tropical fruit that has been used for medicinal purposes in Southeast Asia for centuries. With an interest in its applications to treat infection, we sought to investigate the bioactive constituents of mangosteen and identified the phenolic compound procyanidin B2 from the mangosteen pericarp by examining lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding capacity. The LPS binding and neutralization activities of procyanidin B2 were determined by a combination of biophysical and in silico techniques. The affinity of procyanidin B2 to LPS was 1.61 × 10-5 M. Procyanidin B2 significantly neutralized LPS and selectively inhibited the LPS-induced release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Binding thermodynamics revealed favorable hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between procyanidin B2 and LPS. Molecular simulations suggested that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were involved in the binding process. These findings have, for the first time, shed light on the anti-inflammatory properties of procyanidin B2 through LPS binding and neutralization and provided a promising lead for the development of antiendotoxin agents.