Esophagus tissue engineering: from decellularization to in vivo recellularization in two sites.

To produce an esophageal scaffold with suitable features and evaluate the result of in vivo cell seeding after its implantation in the omentum and near its original anatomical position in the rat model. The esophagus of twelve rats were resected, cannulated, and decellularized via a peristaltic pump. After confirmation of decellularization and preservation of extracellular matrix, decellularized scaffolds were implanted either in the abdominal cavity (group I, n = 6) or cervical area (group II, n = 6). Histological evaluations were performed after 3 and 6 months of implantation. The results of histological evaluations, scanning electron microscopy, and the tensile test confirmed the maintenance of extracellular matrix and removal of all cellular constituents. At the time of biopsy, no evidence of inflammation was detected and the implanted scaffolds appeared normal. Histopathological evaluations of implanted tissues revealed that undifferentiated cells were seen in scaffolds of all follow-ups in both groups. Epithelial cell seeding was more advanced in biopsies of group II obtained after 6 months of operation and was accompanied by angiogenesis in surrounding adventitia. It seems that the implantation of scaffold near its original place may have an important role in further cell seeding. This method may be surpassing in comparison with traditional implantation techniques for perfecting esophageal transplantation.