Recent developments in the characterization of nucleic acid hybridization kinetics.

Hybridization of nucleic acids (NAs) is a fundamental molecular mechanism that drives many cellular processes and enables new biotechnologies as well as therapeutics. However, existing methods that measure hybridization kinetics of nucleic acids are either performed at the ensemble level or constrained to non-native physiological conditions. Recent advances in 3D single-molecule tracking techniques break these limitations by allowing multiple annealing and melting events to be observed on a single oligonucleotide freely diffusing inside a live mammalian cell. This review provides an overview of diverse approaches to measuring NA hybridization kinetics at the single-molecule level and in live cells, and concludes with a synopsis of unresolved challenges and opportunities in the live-cell hybridization kinetics measurements. Important discoveries made by NA kinetics measurements and biotechnologies that can be improved with a deeper understanding of hybridization kinetics are also described.