Julie M Hasken1, Anna-Susan Marais2, Marlene de Vries2, Belinda Joubert2, Marise Cloete2, Isobel Botha2, Sumien Roux Symington2, Wendy O Kalberg3, David Buckley3, Luther K Robinson4, Melanie A Manning5,6, Charles D H Parry2,7, Soraya Seedat2, H Eugene Hoyme8,9, Philip A May1,2,3. 1. Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 3. Center on Alcohol, Substance Abuse and Addition, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. 4. Department of Pediatrics, University of Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA. 5. Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. 6. Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. 7. Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. 8. Sanford Health, Sanford Children's Genomic Medicine Consortium, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. 9. Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate gestational age and growth at birth as predictors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). METHODS: The sample analyzed here comprises 737 randomly selected children who were assessed for growth, dysmorphology, and neurobehavior at 7 years of age. Maternal interviews were conducted to ascertain prenatal alcohol exposure and other maternal risk factors. Birth data originated from clinic records and the data at 7 years of age originated from population-based, in-school studies. Binary linear regression assessed the relationship between preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), and their combination on the odds of a specific FASD diagnosis or any FASD. RESULTS: Among children diagnosed with FASD at 7 years of age (n = 255), a review of birth records indicated that 18.4% were born preterm, 51.4% were SGA, and 5.9% were both preterm and SGA. When compared to non-FASD controls (n = 482), the birth percentages born preterm, SGA, and both preterm and SGA were respectively 12.0%, 27.7%, and 0.5%. Mothers of children with FASD reported more drinking during all trimesters, higher gravidity, lower educational attainment, and older age at pregnancy. After controlling for usual drinks per drinking day in the first trimester, number of trimesters of drinking, maternal education, tobacco use, and maternal age, the odds ratio of an FASD diagnosis by age 7 was significantly associated with SGA (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.35 to 3.45). SGA was also significantly associated with each of the 3 most common specific diagnoses within the FASD continuum: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS; OR = 3.1), partial FAS (OR = 2.1), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (OR = 2.0). CONCLUSION: SGA is a robust early indicator for FASD in this random sample of children assessed at 7 years of age.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate gestational age and growth at birth as predictors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). METHODS: The sample analyzed here comprises 737 randomly selected children who were assessed for growth, dysmorphology, and neurobehavior at 7 years of age. Maternal interviews were conducted to ascertain prenatal alcohol exposure and other maternal risk factors. Birth data originated from clinic records and the data at 7 years of age originated from population-based, in-school studies. Binary linear regression assessed the relationship between preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), and their combination on the odds of a specific FASD diagnosis or any FASD. RESULTS: Among children diagnosed with FASD at 7 years of age (n = 255), a review of birth records indicated that 18.4% were born preterm, 51.4% were SGA, and 5.9% were both preterm and SGA. When compared to non-FASD controls (n = 482), the birth percentages born preterm, SGA, and both preterm and SGA were respectively 12.0%, 27.7%, and 0.5%. Mothers of children with FASD reported more drinking during all trimesters, higher gravidity, lower educational attainment, and older age at pregnancy. After controlling for usual drinks per drinking day in the first trimester, number of trimesters of drinking, maternal education, tobacco use, and maternal age, the odds ratio of an FASD diagnosis by age 7 was significantly associated with SGA (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.35 to 3.45). SGA was also significantly associated with each of the 3 most common specific diagnoses within the FASD continuum: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS; OR = 3.1), partial FAS (OR = 2.1), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (OR = 2.0). CONCLUSION: SGA is a robust early indicator for FASD in this random sample of children assessed at 7 years of age.
Authors: Philip A May; Kari J Hamrick; Karen D Corbin; Julie M Hasken; Anna-Susan Marais; Lesley E Brooke; Jason Blankenship; H Eugene Hoyme; J Phillip Gossage Journal: Reprod Toxicol Date: 2014-02-22 Impact factor: 3.143
Authors: Philip A May; Anna-Susan Marais; Marlene M de Vries; Wendy O Kalberg; David Buckley; Julie M Hasken; Colleen M Adnams; Ronel Barnard; Belinda Joubert; Marise Cloete; Barbara Tabachnick; Luther K Robinson; Melanie A Manning; Kenneth Lyons Jones; Heidre Bezuidenhout; Soraya Seedat; Charles D H Parry; H Eugene Hoyme Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2016-10-06 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Philip A May; Julie M Hasken; Marlene M De Vries; Anna-Susan Marais; Julie M Stegall; Daniel Marsden; Charles D H Parry; Soraya Seedat; Barbara Tabachnick Journal: Reprod Toxicol Date: 2018-02-06 Impact factor: 3.143
Authors: Wendy O Kalberg; Philip A May; David Buckley; Julie M Hasken; Anna-Susan Marais; Marlene M De Vries; Heidre Bezuidenhout; Melanie A Manning; Luther K Robinson; Margaret P Adam; Derek B Hoyme; Charles D H Parry; Soraya Seedat; Amy J Elliott; H Eugene Hoyme Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2019-11-19 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Philip A May; Kari J Hamrick; Karen D Corbin; Julie M Hasken; Anna-Susan Marais; Jason Blankenship; H Eugene Hoyme; J Phillip Gossage Journal: Reprod Toxicol Date: 2015-12-03 Impact factor: 3.143
Authors: Philip A May; Marlene M de Vries; Anna-Susan Marais; Wendy O Kalberg; Colleen M Adnams; Julie M Hasken; Barbara Tabachnick; Luther K Robinson; Melanie A Manning; Kenneth Lyons Jones; Derek Hoyme; Soraya Seedat; Charles D H Parry; H Eugene Hoyme Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2015-12-31 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Julie M Hasken; Linda S Adair; Stephanie L Martin; Amanda L Thompson; Anna-Susan Marais; Marlene M de Vries; Wendy O Kalberg; David Buckley; H Eugene Hoyme; Soraya Seedat; Charles D H Parry; Philip A May Journal: Curr Res Toxicol Date: 2022-05-20