Outcomes of axitinib versus sunitinib as first-line therapy to patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the immune-oncology era.

Although combination immune checkpoint inhibitor (immuno-oncology [IO]) therapy is the first-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), it mostly causes resistance and tumor regrowth. Therefore, an optimal second-line therapy is necessary. Such therapy typically comprises vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs). This study was aimed at comparing the efficacy of two TKIs-axitinib and sunitinib-in mRCC patients. From January 2008 to October 2018, we registered 703 mRCC patients from 8 Japanese institutes. Of these, 408 patients received axitinib or sunitinib as the first-line treatment. Thereafter, efficacy and survival rate were compared between the axitinib and sunitinib groups. To reduce the effects of selection bias and potential confounders, propensity score matching analysis was performed. Axitinib and sunitinib were administered in 274 and 134 patients, respectively. More than 25% of the patients received nivolumab sequence therapy. To calculate the propensity scores for each patient, we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis. The objective response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), cause-specific survival, and overall survival (OS) were significantly better in the axitinib group than in the sunitinib group. Furthermore, the OS was better in the nivolumab-treated patients in the axitinib group. Axitinib showed higher efficacy and afforded greater survival benefits than did sunitinib when administered as first-line therapy in mRCC patients. Thus, from among VEGFR-TKIs, axitinib might be a possible option for application in the middle of IO drug-based treatment sequences.

confidence interval

complete response

cancer‐specific survival

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

hazard ratio

International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium

immuno‐oncology

metastatic renal cell carcinoma

odds ratio

overall survival

progressive disease

progression‐free survival

performance status

renal cell carcinoma

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors

INTRODUCTION

At the time of the first diagnosis, 20%–30% of all patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) already have systemic disease. In the last decade, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR‐TKIs) have become the standard of care for metastatic RCC (mRCC)., Furthermore, immuno‐oncology (IO) agents, which block immune checkpoints and restore tumor‐specific T‐cell‐mediated immune responses, have changed the treatment paradigm for mRCC. IO combination therapies as first‐line therapy have shown promising early results for mRCC., , However, there is a risk of primary refractory status and subsequent resistance and regrowth after IO combination therapies in many patients., Moreover, IO combination therapy has not shown a clear advantage over VEGFR‐TKI therapy in patients with mRCC that have favorable International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) risk scores., , Hence, an optimal selection of first‐, second‐, or later‐line therapies is under debate. In this regard, VEGFR‐TKIs are thought to be the mainstay treatments, while IO drugs remain the standard treatment. This study was aimed at comparing the clinical efficacy of axitinib and sunitinib used in Japanese patients with mRCC for elucidating an optimal VEGFR‐TKI in the IO era.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From January 2008 to October 2018, 703 patients with mRCC from 8 Japanese institutions (Michinoku RCC) were retrospectively included in this study. Of these patients, 408 were treated with axitinib or sunitinib as the first‐line treatment (Figure S1). Clinical efficacy and survival rate were comparatively evaluated between the axitinib and sunitinib groups. To reduce the effects of selection biases and potential confounders in this observational study, propensity score matching analysis and Cox hazard regression model were applied.

Eligibility criteria

Patients with histologically proven mRCC regardless of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) were included in this study. This study was approved by all eight institutional review boards. All procedures were performed according to the tenets of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was received for all the participating patients.

Objective

The primary objective was to compare patients’ survival rates, including progression‐free survival (PFS), cancer‐specific survival (CSS), and OS rates between mRCC patients treated with axitinib and sunitinib as first‐line therapy. CSS and OS were also compared between the groups who treated by nivolumab sequentially.

Treatment and follow‐up examinations

The following determinations were made before starting treatment and repeated during therapy based on the attending physician's decision: complete medical history, physical examination, ECOG PS, blood cell counts with differential and platelet counts, biochemical profile (including electrolytes, renal and hepatic function, coagulation, pancreatic amylase, and lipase), urinalyses, and chest radiography. Some potential prognostic markers (c‐reactive protein, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, and alkaline phosphatase) were also measured., , Tumor response was evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1.

Statistical analysis

Progression‐free survival was defined as the time between the initiation of VEGFR‐TKI treatment and disease progression or death as confirmed using radiological images or based on obvious clinical manifestations of progressive disease. CSS was defined as the time between the initiation of VEGFR‐TKI treatment and death due to cancer. OS was defined as the time between the initiation of VEGFR‐TKI treatment and death. The database record was closed upon patient death or the final follow‐up. Data are expressed as the median and range, and differences with a p value <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. The chi‐square test was used to examine differences and calculate the odds ratio (OR) for categorical data. PFS and OS were stratified using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used for the analysis of hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 statistical software (SPSS Japan Inc.). To reduce the effects of selection biases and potential confounders, we performed a propensity score matching analysis. Propensity scores were calculated for each patient using multivariate logistic regression analysis with the following covariates: sex, age, histology, prior nephrectomy, nivolumab as sequential therapy, clinical stage at the first diagnosis, and the IMDC score.

RESULTS

Patient characteristics

This study included 703 patients who were diagnosed with advanced RCC and treated with systemic therapies at 8 institutes between January 2008 and August 2018 (Michinoku RCC database). Of these patients, 408 patients who received axitinib or sunitinib as first‐line therapy were analyzed. The median patient age was 66 (range: 24–89) years. The median duration of VEGFR‐TKI therapy was 20 (range: 1–144) months. All patients were Japanese, and the cohort included 303 (74.3%) men and 105 (25.7%) women. As first‐line systemic therapy, 134 and 274 patients received axitinib and sunitinib, respectively. The characteristics of the two groups were comparable (Table 1). Axitinib was administered to patients who were elderly, less receiving a nephrectomy, and had a higher IMDC score compared to the patients to whom sunitinib was administered. In this cohort, 108 patients (26.5%) were administered nivolumab sequentially (the detail of these characters is shown in Table S1). No significant difference was found between the groups regarding factors including body mass index (BMI), histology, tumor grade, clinical stage, number of metastatic sites, sequential nivolumab therapy, level of c‐reactive protein, and neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio.

TABLE 1

Patients characteristics

	All patients (N = 408)	Axitinib (N = 134)	Sunitinib (N = 274)	p
Age
Median year (range)	66 (24–89)	69 (24–89)	65 (18–85)	<0.001
BMI
Median kg/m2 (range)	22.4 (14.4–46.6)	22.2 (15.4–36.6)	22.5 (14.4–46.6)	0.634
Sex, n (%)
Male: Female	303 (74): 105 (26)	94 (70): 40 (30)	209 (76): 65 (24)	0.187
Nephrectomy, n (%)
Yes: No	274 (67): 134 (33)	80 (60): 54 (40)	194 (71): 80 (29)	0.033
Histology, n (%)
Clear cell	332 (81)	111 (83)	221 (81)	0.880
With spindle compornent	61 (15)	21 (16)	40 (15)
Papillary	15 (4)	5 (4)	10 (4)
Others	31 (8)	13 (10)	18 (7)
Unknown	30 (7)	5 (4)	25 (9)
Grade, n (%)
1	7 (2)	2 (1)	5 (2)	0.834
2	112 (27)	42 (31)	70 (26)
3	166 (41)	65 (49)	101 (37)
Unknown	123 (30)	25 (61)	98 (36)
Clinical stage, n (%)
1	42 (10)	15 (11)	27 (10)	0.961
2	30 (7)	11 (8)	19 (7)
3	67 (16)	23 (17)	44 (16)
4	259 (63)	85 (63)	174 (64)
Unknown	10 (2)	0 (0)	10 (4)
IMDC risk classification, n (%)
Favorable	31 (8)	8 (6)	23 (8)	0.012
Intermediate	181 (44)	52 (39)	129 (47)
Poor	132 (32)	58 (43)	74 (27)
Unclassified	64 (16)	16 (12)	48 (18)
Metastatic site, n (%)
1	173 (42)	63 (47)	110 (40)	0.157
2	130 (32)	36 (27)	94 (34)
3≤	94 (23)	33 (25)	61 (22)
Unknown	11 (3)	9 (7)	2 (1)
Nivolumab was used in seaquential therapy, n (%)
Yes: No	108 (26): 300 (74)	33 (25): 101 (75)	75 (27): 199 (73)	0.633
CRP
Median (range)	0.7 (0–25.5)	0.9 (0–24.8)	0.7 (0–25.5)	0.402
NLR
3.6≤	135 (33)	48 (36)	87 (32)	0.565
ALP
Higher than institutional normal range	95 (23)	34 (25)	61 (22)	0.320

Abbreviations: ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; CRP, C‐reactive protein; IMDC, International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium; NLR, nutrophil lymphocyto ratio.

Antitumor effects

An objective response was noted in 34 and 50 patients in the axitinib and sunitinib groups, respectively (25.4% vs. 18.2%, OR: 0.657, 95% CI: 0.401–1.074, p = 0.095) (Table 2). A better disease control rate was achieved with axitinib than with sunitinib (73.1% vs. 62.8%, OR: 0.619, 95% CI: 0.394–0.973, p = 0.038). The survival outcomes were also better in axitinib group than sunitinib group in terms of PFS (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63–0.87, p < 0.001), CSS (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68–0.96, p = 0.017), and OS (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70–0.97, p = 0.020) (Figure 1). Furthermore, we compared patients treated with axitinib and sunitinib after propensity score matching (The results of PFS, CSS, and OS in all patients are shown in Figure S2). Propensity scores were calculated for each patient using multivariate logistic regression analysis with sex, age, histology, prior nephrectomy, history of nivolumab treatment, clinical stage at the first diagnosis, and the IMDC score (Table 3). The objective response rate (26.4% vs. 14.0%, OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24–0.87, p = 0.016), disease control rate (74.4% vs. 56.2%, OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.26–0.76, p = 0.003), PFS (18.0 months vs. 5.5 months, HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63–0.87, p < 0.001), CSS (41.9 months vs. 22.0 months, HR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68–0.96, p = 0.017), and OS (33.5 months vs. 19.8 months, HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.70–0.97, p = 0.020) were significantly better in the axitinib group than in the sunitinib group (Table 4). The propensity score matching analysis showed better OS among the patients treated with nivolumab sequentially in the axitinib group (75.1 months vs. 56.1 months, HR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38–0.98, p = 0.039; Figure 2).

TABLE 2

Treatment outcome of axitinib or sunitinib therapy for mRCC

	All patients (N = 408)	Axitinib (N = 134)	Sunitinib (N = 274)	p
Observational period from first‐line therapy (months)
Median	20	20	20	0.868
Range	1–144	1–95	1–144
Treatment duration of first‐line therapy (months)
Median	5	8	5	0.030
Range	1–34	1–79	1–93
Objective response, n (%)
	84 (21)	34 (25)	50 (18)	0.095
Disease control, n (%)
	270 (67)	98 (73)	172 (63)	0.038
Best response, n (%)
CR	3 (1)	2 (1)	1 (0)
PR	81 (20)	32 (24)	49 (17)
SD	186 (46)	64 (48)	122 (45)
PD	109 (27)	33 (25)	76 (57)
Not assessed	12 (3)	3 (2)	26 (19)

Abbreviations: CR, complete remission; mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.

FIGURE 1

Kaplan–Meier curve of progression‐free survival, cause‐specific survival, and overall survival after propensity score matching analysis in mRCC patients treated with axitinib or sunitinib as the first‐line treatment

TABLE 3

Patient characteristics after PS matching

	Axitinib (N = 121)	Sunitinib (N = 121)	OR	95% CI	p
Gender
Male	90	86	0.846	0.482–1.487	0.665
Female	31	35
Age
	67 (33–87)	67 (33–82)			0.650
Histology
Clear cell	100	97	0.848	0.446–1.614	0.741
Others	21	24
Prior nephrectomy
Yes	78	80	1.076	0.635–1.823	0.893
Nivolumab sequential
Yes	31	32	1.044	0.590–1.848	1.000
Clinical stage at the time of diagnosis with RCC
1	10	10			0.858
2	11	7
3	22	22
4	78	79
IMDC risk classification
Favorable	8	7			0.811
Intermediate	49	47
Poor	48	54

Abbreviations: IMDC, International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium; PS, propensity score; RCC, renal cell carcinoma.

TABLE 4

Treatment outcome after PS matching

	All patients (N = 242)	Axitinib (N = 121)	Sunitinib (N = 121)	OR	95% CI	p
Observational period from first‐line therapy (months)
Median	17	23	15			0.018
Range	1–121	1–95	1–121
Treatment duration of forst‐line therapy (months)
Median	5	9	3			<0.001
Range	1–79	1–79	1–61
Objective response, n (%)
	49 (20)	32 (26)	17 (14)	0.455	0.238–0.868	0.016
Disease control, n (%)
	158 (65)	90 (74)	68 (56)	0.442	0.257–0.759	0.003
Best response, n (%)
CR	2 (1)	2 (2)	0 (0)			0.372
PR	47 (19)	30 (25)	17 (14)
SD	109 (45)	58 (48)	51 (42)
PD	70 (29)	28 (23)	42 (35)
Not assessed	14 (6)	3 (2)	11 (9)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CR, complete remission; mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma; OR, odds ratio; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.

FIGURE 2

Kaplan–Meier curve of cause‐specific survival and overall survival after propensity score matching analysis in mRCC patients treated by nivolumab as sequential therapy after axitinib or sunitinib treatment

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective study, axitinib showed a clear survival benefit over sunitinib after propensity score matching. Although axitinib was not superior to sunitinib in terms of OS when administered as first‐line therapy for mRCC in the phase III study, some retrospective studies suggested that axitinib afforded better clinical outcomes., , The good efficacy shown by axitinib in real clinical settings might be explained by the higher relative dose intensity achieved in the axitinib group than in the sunitinib group and the greater use of the drug in many elderly patients than in clinical trials. A significantly higher rate of toxicity‐related discontinuation was observed in the sunitinib group than in the axitinib group., Since the recommended sunitinib dose could be intolerable, especially in Asians, many physicians prefer to initiate sunitinib starting from a dose of 37.5 mg. Additionally, the lasting effect of sunitinib‐related toxicities is an unignorable factor related to poor prognoses. An appropriate first‐line therapy could affect later‐line treatment outcomes. In a previous study, the progressive disease (PD) rate for second‐line therapy was significantly higher in the first‐line sunitinib group (52%) than that in the first‐line axitinib group (26%), although there was no significant difference in the second‐line regimens between the groups. These results may suggest that appropriate first‐line therapy allows for better oncological outcomes.

Thus far, VEGFR‐TKI monotherapy has not been employed as the first‐line option for mRCC because IO combinations are preferable treatments for patients with all risk classifications of IMDC., Nivolumab plus ipilimumab showed a complete response (CR) rate of 10% in intermediate‐ and poor‐risk patients, and pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib achieved a CR rate of 19% in patients at all varying degrees of risk. However, approximately 20% of the patients treated with IO combinations had a primary refractory status. In addition, patients with mRCC could acquire treatment resistance. These patients need second‐ or later‐line therapy, and VEGFR‐TKIs are the main options in these situations. Although the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend four VEGFR‐TKIs as category 1 drugs, it is not known which drug is preferable as sequential therapy. In the last 5 years, cabozantinib has been considered the main second‐line therapy after IO drugs, especially after IO plus axitinib therapy. Nevertheless, axitinib and sunitinib are among the main VEGFR‐TKI options for treating patients with mRCC. To preserve cabozantinib as a later‐line therapy should be a feasible option because cabozantinib is the only VEGFR‐TKI to have shown efficacy after other VEGFR‐TKI failures. Which drugs are better as second‐ or later‐line therapies in the IO era remains to be elucidated. Unfortunately, most studies do not provide this crucial information., In this study, 26.5% of the patients were administered with nivolumab in sequential therapy. There should raise an argument that nivolumab was only administered as second‐ or later‐line therapy in this study. The time of initiation of IO drug treatment might not be a major concern. The KEYNOTE‐426 trial has shown better OS with pembrolizumab plus axitinib than with sunitinib. However, in this study, fewer patients were given IO drugs in the sunitinib group after sunitinib failure (23.1% at most). On the other hand, although in the JAVELIN Renal 101 trial, significant OS was not achieved, patients in the sunitinib group received more IO drugs (33.2% at most) as sequential therapy. Other first‐line IO combination therapies, which showed treatment efficacy of them, also relatively low sequential IO therapy after sunitinib failure as low as the KEYNOTE‐426., , This might suggest that the choice of the IO drug may not depend on the treatment order.

This study has several limitations. First, we were unable to control for selection bias and other unmeasurable confounders because of the retrospective nature of the study. Second, information about the adverse events in the cohort was lacking. Third, there may be a regional bias, and our results may not be generalizable in other populations owing to differences in medical practices. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the favorable oncological outcomes of axitinib in the IO era. Further research is warranted to address the clinical benefit of the axitinib in patients with mRCC.

CONCLUSIONS

First‐line axitinib therapy showed better efficacy and survival benefit for patients with mRCC than did sunitinib. Thus, axitinib might be a possible option from among the VEGFR‐TKIs available for application during IO drug‐based treatment sequences.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Fig S1

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Fig S2

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Table S1

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