Luiza Szarpak1, Zubaid Rafique2, Aleksandra Gasecka3,4, Francesco Chirico5,6, Wladyslaw Gawel7,8, Jacek Hernik9, Halla Kaminska8,10, Krzysztof J Filipiak3, Milosz J Jaguszewski11, Lukasz Szarpak12,13. 1. Institute of Outcomes R esearch, Polonia University, Czestochowa, Poland. 2. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States. 3. 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland. 4. Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. 5. Post-graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. 6. Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, Milano, Italy. 7. Department of Surgery, The Silesian Hospital in Opava, Czech Republic. 8. Polish Society of Disaster Medicine, Warsaw, Poland. 9. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. 10. Department of Pediatrics and Children's Diabetology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland. 11. 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. 12. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland. lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com. 13. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Bialystok, Poland. lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease primarily affecting the respiratory tract, however due to the nature of the pathogenesis it is able to affect the whole body. So far, no causative treatment has been found and the main strategy when dealing with COVID-19 relies on widespread vaccination programs and symptomatic treatment. Vitamin D due to its ability to modulate the immunological system has been proposed as a factor playing role in the organism response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Therefore, we decided to perform this meta-analysis which aimed to establish a connection between vitamin D status and COVID-19 infection. METHODS: Study was designed as a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Databases and Scopus electronic databases were searched for relevant studies from database inception to May 10th, 2021. Mean differences (MDs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Thirteen studies providing data for 14,485 participants met the inclusion criteria. Mean vitamin D levels in SARS-CoV-2 negative patients was 17.7 ± 6.9 ng/mL compared to SARS-CoV-2 positive patients 14.1 ± 8.2 ng/mL (MD = 3.93; 95% CI 2.84-5.02; I2 = 99%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Low serum vitamin D levels are statistically significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. Supplementation of vitamin D especially in the deficiency risk groups is indicated.
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease primarily affecting the respiratory tract, however due to the nature of the pathogenesis it is able to affect the whole body. So far, no causative treatment has been found and the main strategy when dealing with COVID-19 relies on widespread vaccination programs and symptomatic treatment. Vitamin D due to its ability to modulate the immunological system has been proposed as a factor playing role in the organism response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Therefore, we decided to perform this meta-analysis which aimed to establish a connection between vitamin D status and COVID-19 infection. METHODS: Study was designed as a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Databases and Scopus electronic databases were searched for relevant studies from database inception to May 10th, 2021. Mean differences (MDs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Thirteen studies providing data for 14,485 participants met the inclusion criteria. Mean vitamin D levels in SARS-CoV-2 negative patients was 17.7 ± 6.9 ng/mL compared to SARS-CoV-2 positive patients 14.1 ± 8.2 ng/mL (MD = 3.93; 95% CI 2.84-5.02; I2 = 99%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Low serum vitamin D levels are statistically significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. Supplementation of vitamin D especially in the deficiency risk groups is indicated.
Authors: Tomasz Dzieciatkowski; Lukasz Szarpak; Krzysztof J Filipiak; Milosz Jaguszewski; Jerzy R Ladny; Jacek Smereka Journal: Cardiol J Date: 2020-04-14 Impact factor: 2.737
Authors: Johanne Haugen; Ram K Chandyo; Manjeswori Ulak; Maria Mathisen; Sudha Basnet; Karl A Brokstad; Palle Valentiner-Branth; Prakash S Shrestha; Tor A Strand Journal: Nutrients Date: 2017-01-17 Impact factor: 5.717
Authors: Lindsey R Baden; Hana M El Sahly; Brandon Essink; Karen Kotloff; Sharon Frey; Rick Novak; David Diemert; Stephen A Spector; Nadine Rouphael; C Buddy Creech; John McGettigan; Shishir Khetan; Nathan Segall; Joel Solis; Adam Brosz; Carlos Fierro; Howard Schwartz; Kathleen Neuzil; Larry Corey; Peter Gilbert; Holly Janes; Dean Follmann; Mary Marovich; John Mascola; Laura Polakowski; Julie Ledgerwood; Barney S Graham; Hamilton Bennett; Rolando Pajon; Conor Knightly; Brett Leav; Weiping Deng; Honghong Zhou; Shu Han; Melanie Ivarsson; Jacqueline Miller; Tal Zaks Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2020-12-30 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Vadir Baktash; Tom Hosack; Nishil Patel; Shital Shah; Pirabakaran Kandiah; Koenraad Van den Abbeele; Amit K J Mandal; Constantinos G Missouris Journal: Postgrad Med J Date: 2020-08-27 Impact factor: 2.401
Authors: José L Hernández; Daniel Nan; Marta Fernandez-Ayala; Mayte García-Unzueta; Miguel A Hernández-Hernández; Marcos López-Hoyos; Pedro Muñoz-Cacho; José M Olmos; Manuel Gutiérrez-Cuadra; Juan J Ruiz-Cubillán; Javier Crespo; Víctor M Martínez-Taboada Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2021-03-08 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Maxim A Kriventsov; Yulianna A Yermola; Alexandra A Davydova; Alexey A Beketov; Tatyana P Makalish; Evgeniya Yu Zyablitskaya; Alina V Geraschenko; Anatoly V Kubyshkin; Anna A Galyshevskaya; Anastasia I Zausalina Journal: J Histochem Cytochem Date: 2022-03-31 Impact factor: 4.137
Authors: Katarzyna Karczewska; Szymon Bialka; Jacek Smereka; Maciej Cyran; Grazyna Nowak-Starz; Jaroslaw Chmielewski; Michal Pruc; Pawel Wieczorek; Frank William Peacock; Jerzy Robert Ladny; Lukasz Szarpak Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2021-11-25 Impact factor: 4.241