Biologics for severe uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a change management approach. Consensus of the Joint Committee of Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology on biologics in rhinology.

Introduction

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a complex inflammatory disorder including multiple phenotypes. It is a debilitating disease that has a substantial impact on the patient’s quality of life with significant healthcare-related costs. Over the years, management strategies have been focused mainly on symptom relief including intranasal corticosteroid (INCS), saline irrigations and a brief courses of systemic corticosteroids (SCS) with or without antibiotics to manage acute exacerbations that may be associated with significant quantitative changes in inflammatory biomarkers [1-4]. Optional treatments include macrolide, anti-leukotrienes, anti-histamine and aspirin desensitisation only for patients with NSAIDs Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (N-ERD). If maximal medical therapy does not lead to adequate control of symptoms, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is considered to remove inflammatory tissue alleviating nasal obstruction and expediting delivery of topical therapies. Surgery is not curative but is crucial in improving access for future topical medical therapy [5].

Unfortunately, a significant percentage of patients do not find relief from current standard of care medications and surgery having residual symptoms or recurrence of polyposis even cycles of systemic corticosteroids and/or surgery. “Difficult-to- treat” patients are considered as those in whom an acceptable level of control is not achieved despite appropriate medical and surgical treatment. For these patients, the only chance in recent years was to repeat multiple ESS with an increasingly high risk of perioperative complications and a progressively shorter time of symptom control between surgeries [6,7]. The success in targeting specific immunologic mediators in asthma with biologics has led to an interest in the use of a similar therapeutic approach for CRSwNP [8]. Several trials [9] have shown subjective and objective improvements in patients with CRSwNP with or without asthma as well as a good safety profile. For this reason, biologic agents have been proposed as an adjunct treatment for CRSwNP patients and in the next months, the therapeutic opportunity may change quickly because several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) will be available within a short time in many countries for uncontrolled severe CRSwNP.

As some biologics have received regulatory approval in Italy, the Joint Committee of Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology on biologics in rhinology became interested in how to incorporate these new agents into the treatment paradigm for CRSwNP. In this report we summarise the substantial literature evidence about the most promising biologics in CRSwNP presenting a consensus on the most critical issues that emerged from the workshops of the commission in 2020. We aimed to provide consensus on strategic issues to offer the best care for patients with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP. It is hoped that this report will be used by researchers and clinicians who will address the incorporation of these new therapeutic modalities into the CRSwNP treatment algorithm.

Materials and methods

We used the RAND indication for standard Delphi methodology with a multi-step process. Specific statements were formulated basing on an extensive review of existing literature about the use of biologics in CRSwNP. Manuscript were screened primarily by Ovid Medline and EMBASE and from other sources (PubMed Central, Cochrane review, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Our expert panel undertook a modified 2-round Delphi process and members were asked to independently vote on statements, which were formulated based on strategic discussion during 2020. We used a 4-point Likert scale (‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘disagree’, ‘strongly disagree’). Free text comments were encouraged if greater context was required or if the statements were ambiguous. Consensus was defined as > 70% of participants agreeing/strongly agreeing. The document was written and submitted for review and approval to all the members of the committee. All changes made were discussed and refined until unanimous approval was obtained. Statements receiving consensus are summarised at the end of each paragraph.

Results and discussion

Management based on phenotyping and endotyping of the disease

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) comprises a spectrum of conditions with distinct clinical presentations and pathogenic mechanisms [1,10,11]. For years it has been adopted clinical dichotomisation of CRS without NP (CRSsNP) and CRSwNP assuming that it was determined by predominantly T-helper 1 cells in the former and T-helper 2 cells in the latter. However, further research demonstrated that immunologic profile is much more complex, demonstrating that there is some overlap and endotypes may coexist in the same patient. In fact, non-eosinophilic inflammation dominated by Th1/Th17 pathways may be associated with CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients may express a Type 2 cytokine profile [12-15]. Because studies on endotyping provided full insight into the underlying cellular and molecular inflammatory mechanisms associated with CRS [16], the EPOS 2020 group [1] came into the decision to change the management approach to CRS. The authors recognised the importance to move away from differentiating management basing on phenotypical classification between CRSsNP and CRSwNP towards a new classification based on the disease being localised (often unilateral) or diffuse (always bilateral). Both these groups are further divided basing the endotype into type 2 or non-type 2 disease. In case of more endotypes coexisting in the same patient, the authors suggested to identify the dominant one in order to establish the best personalised therapeutic approach.

Approximately 80% of diffuse CRS in Western countries are characterised by a dominant Type 2 response driven mainly by key Type 2 cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL13 etc) and circulating/local IgE, with eosinophilia as a typical signature [16-18]. Currently, both an allergic (IgE-mediated) and non-allergic pathway are understood to play a role in the pathophysiology of the underlying eosinophilia, representing the ideal immune profile of severe CRSwNP potentially candidates for biologics. For this reason, recent position papers [1,19] suggested to provide confirmatory evidence of Type 2 inflammation in these patients using systemic eosinophil and IgE count. It has also demonstrated that the amount of local eosinophilic infiltration and the overall intensity of the inflammatory response are closely related to the prognosis and severity of disease [20]. For this reason, development of institutional protocols for sampling, storing and processing sino-nasal mucosa samples, sometimes in close collaboration with histopathologists is increasing [21]. Actually, authors discuss on the best procedure to define local inflammation and the most common used techniques include: nasal biopsy, nasal brushing or scraping (nasal cytology), nasal lavage fluid and nasal suctioning of secretions [22-26]. Authors [27-29] have suggested that diagnosis of eosinophilic CRS requires quantification of the numbers of eosinophils, i.e. number/high powered field (hpf), which may vary in the literature (8-12/hpf) and which should be achieved by analysing at least three of the most dense collections of eosinophils (very rich fields) in the samples counted at hpf (~400x). The EPOS steering group [1] specified that the minimal cut-off to achieve evidence of Type 2 inflammation on tissue samples was eosinophils > 10/hpf. The cut-offs for the other procedures had not be established and specific studies are required to determine it. Other biomarkers used at the moment to define type 2 disease are blood eosinophilia, IgE levels and, in some specialised centers, periostin. EPOS group suggests as specific cut offs for this biomarker: > 250/microliter for blood eosinophilia and > 100 kU/l for total IgE. Other biomarkers are currently under investigation and may provide further guidance in the future.

The combination of phenotyping (responsiveness to different treatments, including systemic or intranasal corticosteroids, surgical interventions, comorbid asthma, N-ERD, etc.) and endotyping [blood/local eosinophils or neutrophils, TH-cell populations, levels of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, or IL-13, etc.), IgE either in blood or tissue, anti-staphylococcal IgE, periostin and other future potential biomarkers] are at the moment the best way to predict the likely natural course of disease and prognosis in terms of disease control after surgery. Based on this concept, many authors [21,28,30-34] have tried to identify the best way to predict the natural history of the disease, facilitating counseling the patient on the expected outcome of the surgery and helping to establish the best postoperative medical management that can offer the best chance to control patient’s symptoms. Finally, identification of endotypes is essential for individualisation of therapy.

The new age of biologics in CRS: from scientific evidence to approval of new treatment options

Monoclonal antibodies have been demonstrated to be very useful in the management of chronic eosinophilic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis; the experience in these fields encouraged researchers to investigate efficacy of these drugs in CRSwNP. Proof-of- concept studies [35-40] were performed mainly in patients with severe asthma and nasal polyps, generating promising results and building upon successful phase 3 studies [41].

The pathophysiology of CRSwNP includes eosinophilia, T-helper cell 2 cytokines and IgE formation, and for this reason three main strategies may be undertaken with monoclonal antibodies: anti-IL-4/IL-13 signaling (dupilumab), anti-IL-5 pathways (mepolizumab, benralizumab) and anti-IgE antibodies (omalizumab). In Table I we summarise mechanism of action, possible side effects, dose, and administration modalities of most promising biologics in the treatment of CRSwNP. Furthermore, we reviewed literature evidence about their significative steps in the approval process (Tab. II).

Table I.

Mechanism of action, possible side effects, dose, and administration modalities of the most promising MAbs in the treatment of severe uncontrolled CRSwNP.

Generic name	Brand name	Key mediator target	Mode of action	Dose and route of administration	Most common side effects
Dupilumab	Dupixent	IL-4 and IL-13R: involved in Th2 differentiation; class switching of B cells to plasma cells and IgE production; barrier disruption and microbiome imbalance; tissue remodelling and polyp formation; eosinophils trafficking to tissues	Anti–IL-4 MAb; targets the IL-4 receptor α subunit to inhibit IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines central to Th2 mediated inflammation	Subcutaneous injection, 300 mg every 2 week Device auto-injector. Allowed home administration	Injection site reaction, conjunctivitis, eosinophilia transitory (< 2% of cases)
Omalizumab	Xolair	IgE: involved in T2 inflammatory cascade. Activating type 2 inflammatory cells such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils	Anti-IgE MAb; it binds Fc region of IgE, reducing circulating IgE; down-regulating FcεRI and FcεRII in inflammatory cells. It is able to inhibit type 2 inflammation through several mechanisms of action	Subcutaneous injection every 2-4 weeks Dosing and frequency level is determined by serum total IgE level and body weight	Headache, dizziness, arthralgia, abdominal pain upper and injection site reactions
Mepolizumab	Nucala	IL-5: key mediator in chemotaxis, differentiation, activation, and survival of eosinophil	Anti–IL-5 MAb; blocks the binding of IL-5 to the alpha chain of the IL-5 receptor complex expressed on the surface of eosinophil cells, inhibits IL-5 signaling and reduces eosinophil activation, proliferation, recruitment, maturation, and survival	100 mg monthly subcutaneous injections regardless of weight	Nasopharyngitis headache, injection site reaction
Benralizumab	Fasenra	Eosinophils IL-5Rα: key effector cells in Type 2 inflammation	Anti-eosinophil MAb; specifically binds to eosinophils IL-5Rα interfering with IL-5 inflammatory signaling and inducing eosinophils apoptosis through interaction with FcγRIIIα on NK cells	Subcutaneous injection 30 mg once every 4 weeks for the first 3 doses, then subsequently once every 8 weeks	Asthma, pharyngitis, URTI, headache, Injection site reaction

IgE: immunoglobulin E; IL: interleukin; ILC: innate lymphoid cell; MAb: monoclonal antibody; Th: T helper; URTI: upper airway tract infection.

Table II.

Literature evidence and approval of MAbs in the treatment of severe uncontrolled CRSwNP.

Generic name	Brand name	Phase II trials	Phase III trials inclusion criteria	Demonstrated therapeutic effects	Development status and approval
Dupilumab	Dupixent	Bachert, et al. JAMA 2016;315:469-479. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.19330 [35]	Bachert C, SINUS-24 and SINUS-52. Lancet 2019 [41]Prior SCS in past 2 years OR prior NP surgeryNPS ≥ 5Nasal congestion/blockage/obstruction or symptom severity = 2/3	Rapid and sustained Reduction in nasal polyp and CT scores.Improvement in olfaction, in nasal congestion scores, symptoms, and QOL (SNOT-22), pulmonary function (FEV1), and asthma control test score (ACQ6).Reduction of the need of SCS and of surgery.	Phase 3 trials published, FDA approval on June 26th 2019, EMA approval on October 26th, 2019 and AIFA approval 9th December 2020
Omalizumab	Xolair	Gevaert. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131:110-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.047 [36]	Gevaert P POLYP 1 and POLYP 2 [50]No requirement for prior SCS OR NP surgeryNPS ≥ 5SNOT 22 ≥ 20NCS ≥ 2 at screening	Rapid and sustained improvements in mean NPS and daily NCS at Week 24.Improvements in SNOT-22 and patient-reported health-related QoL (HRQoL), sense of smell score, total nasal symptom score (TNSS).Reduction in need for surgery.	Phase 3 trials conducted published,FDA approval in December 2020EMA approval in July 2020
Mepolizumab	Nucala	Gevaert, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:989-995.break/>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.056 [37]Bachert, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140:1024-1103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.044 [38]	SYNAPSE study (GSK Study ID: 205687; NCT03085797) Concluded in 2020 [51]Prior NP surgery in past 10 yearsNPS ≥ 5VAS symptom score > 7	Improvement in nasal polyp score and VAS score.Improvement in SNOT-22, overall VAS score and VAS symptom score for loss of smell.Reduction in required sinus surgery.Reduction of proportion of subjects requiring systemic steroids for nasal polyps.Reduction of blood eosinophils without complete depletion.	Phase 3 concluded in 2020FDA accepted GSK filing in 2020 – approval ongoingEMA accepted GSK filing in 2020Approval ongoing
Benralizumab	Fasenra	Chitguppi. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1945892420978351 [39]Lombardo.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020.https://doi.org/10.1177/2058738420950851 [40]Tversky, et al. Clin Exp Allergy 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13852 [61]	OSTRO (NCT03401229) [62]Prior SCS use or NP surgeryNPS ≥ 5NCS = 2/3SNOT 22 ≥ 30ORCHID (NCT04157335) [63](trial ongoing).NPS ≥ 5NCS ≥ 2%SNOT-22 ≥ 20Comorbid asthmaEosinophils ≥ 150 cells or > 2%	Improvement in NPS, nasal blockage score, Lund-Mackey CT score, SNOT-22, NRS, AER, pulmonary function (FEV1), OCS daily use in real-life SEA patients with comorbid CRSwNP. Improvement in NPS, NBS, SNOT-22, Lund-Mackey CT score, UPSIT score in patient with severe CRSwNP.	Phase 3 trials on-goingFDA to be determined EMA to be determined AIFA to be determined

SCS: systemic corticosteroids; OCS: oral corticosteroids; NPS: nasal polyps score; NCS: nasal congestion score; SNOT: sino nasal outcomes test; VAS visual analogical scale; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; EMA: European Medicines Agency; AIFA: Italian Agency of Drugs.

UPSIT: University of Pennsylvania smell identification test; CRSwNP chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; SEA: severe eosinophilic asthma; QoL: quality of life; TNSS: total nasal symtpoms score; NRS: numerical rating scale; AER: asthma exacerbation rate.

Anti-IL-4/IL-13: Dupilumab

Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the α-chain subunit of IL-4 receptors (Type 1 and type 2 IL-4Rα) and inhibiting IL-4/IL-13 signaling [35]. Literature data [42-44] have demonstrated that the dual inhibition of IL-4 and IL-13 signaling may represent an important strategy for the treatment of type 2 CRSwNP. Bachert et al. [35] in a phase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated dupilumab in patients with CRSwNP refractory to INCS. Patients (n = 60) were randomised to 2 weekly subcutaneous dupilumab injections or placebo, and 51 patients completed the study. The group treated with dupilumab had a significant reduction in polyp size (primary endpoint), which was clinically observable from the 4th week of treatment. Later, the SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 phase 3 studies [41] demonstrated the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous dupilumab 300 mg administered every 2 weeks versus placebo in severe CRSwNP not controlled with standard of care (INC, previous SCS and/or surgery). Patients obtained significant improvements in all primary and secondary endpoints at week 24 and 52. A significant improvement was observed in treated patients compared to placebo in terms of nasal congestion/obstruction severity, nasal polyps score (NPS), sinus opacification and loss of smell. For the two primary endpoints, NPS and NCS, significant improvement was observed as early as week 4 of treatment. For UPSIT score, significant improvement was observed at week 2 of observation, with continued improvement evident up to the end of treatment in both studies for all endpoints. For loss of smell, 62% of patients treated with dupilumab changed their smell status from anosmic to non-anosmic. Lastly, dupilumab treatment resulted in a significant reduction of SCS use and the need for revision surgery compared to placebo.

Supporting dupilumab’s mechanism of action, analyses of biomarkers in patients treated with dupilumab in SINUS-52 showed a consistent decrease in concentrations of serum total IgE, periostin, TARC and plasma eotaxin-3 at weeks 24 and 52 and in concentrations of ECP, total IgE, eotaxin-3, and IL-5 in nasal secretions at week 24. Furthermore, in SINUS-24, the suspension of dupilumab vs placebo at week 24 led to loss of efficacy on all endpoints observed up to week 48.

Finally, literature data supports the benefits of adding dupilumab to daily standard of care in patients with CRSwNP as a novel approach in treating the entire spectrum of clinical manifestations of the disease, as well as the frequently associated type 2 lower airway comorbidities [42-44]. Dupilumab was the first biologic approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 26th, 2019 to treat in adults with CRSwNP not adequately controlled. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) released a favourable opinion on dupilumab on October 26th, 2019 as add-on therapy with INCS for the treatment of adults with severe CRSwNP for whom therapy with systemic cosrticosteroids and/or surgery do not provide adequate disease control. In Italy, dupilumab was approved by the Italian Agency of Drugs (AIFA) on December 9th, 2020 for adult patients with severe CRSwNP (assessed by an NPS score ≥ 5 or a SNOT-22 score ≥ 50) for whom therapy with SCS and/or surgery do not provide adequate disease control, in addition to background therapy with INCS.

Omalizumab (anti-IgE antibody)

Omalizumab is the longest-lived monoclonal antibody approved since 2003 for the treatment of moderate to severe persistent allergic asthma in more than 90 countries [45]. It was designed to treat IgE-mediated disease by reducing the concentration of free IgE in blood and tissue [47-49]. Given multiple potential mechanisms by which omalizumab may limit Type 2 inflammation it was investigated not only in asthma but also in CRSwNP. Phase III trials (POLYP 1 and POLYP 2) [50] were conducted in parallel to evaluate the efficacy and safety of omalizumab in adults with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP refractory to treatment with INCS. The trials compared the effects of omalizumab (75-600 mg s.c. every 2 or 4 weeks, adjusted according to pre-treatment serum IgE and body weight) to placebo in patients with severe CRSwNP not controlled with standard of care background therapy by INCS. Both POLYP-1 (n = 138) and POLYP-2 (n = 127) met their co-primary endpoints: omalizumab-treated patients achieved statistically significant improvements in mean NPS and daily NCS at Week 24 versus placebo. Moreover, the improvements were observed as early as week 4 in both studies, demonstrating a rapid effect and maintained in time. Key secondary endpoints were also met including SNOT-22, total nasal symptom score (TNSS), sense of smell (assessed by UPSIT), posterior and anterior rhinorrhea scores for post-nasal drip and runny nose. Improvements above placebo were observed for most secondary endpoints as early as Week 4 (Week 8 for UPSIT) and were maintained over the 24-week treatment period. In addition, reduced need for surgery by Week 24 (NPS of ≤ 4 and MCID improvement in SNOT-22) was observed in 19% of omalizumab-treated patients versus 3% of placebo-treated patients in POLYP-1 and 17% versus 3% in POLYP-2 [50].

An open-label extension study [50] for participants in POLYP-1 and POLYP-2 studies was conducted to evaluate the safety, efficacy and durability of response of omalizumab in adult patients with CRSwNP and inadequate responders to INCS. Patients who completed either POLYP-1 or POLYP-2 were eligible for this study (n = 249). All patients received treatment with omalizumab for 28 weeks, followed by a 24-week period off treatment to assess the recurrence of nasal polyposis. The extension study results show that omalizumab treated patients improved in term of NPS and SNOT-22 scores. On the other hand, when ceasing the treatment NPS, NCS and SNOT-22 progressively worsened, although they never returned to pre-treatment levels. Therefore, long-term benefits of the therapy have been demonstrated. Omalizumab was generally well tolerated with overall rates of adverse events (AE) comparable to those observed in previous Phase III trials [48]. No new or unexpected AEs were observed.

On November 30th, 2019, the FDA approved omalizumab for the treatment of CRSwNP. Furthermore, the EMA gave a favourable opinion of omalizumab on July 7th, 2020 in Europe.

Biologics Targeting IL-5 pathways (Mepolizumab, Benralizumab)Mepolizumab

The clinical development programme of mepolizumab in CRWwNP was composed of two phase 2 placebo-controlled studies that evaluated intravenous mepolizumab 750 mg in patients with severe nasal polyps [37],[38], and by the phase 3 SYNAPSE study which investigated the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous mepolizumab 100 mg administered via pre-filled syringe in adult CRWwNP [51].

Bachert et al. [38] in the phase II study evaluated intravenous mepolizumab 750 mg every 4 weeks in 105 patients with severe bilateral CRSwNP requiring surgery according to predefined criteria (NPS > 3 or more in 1 nostril and a VAS > 7). The authors demonstrated that mepolizumab led to a significant reduction in the need for surgery and a significant improvement of symptoms vs placebo. Gevaert et al. [37] evaluated intravenous mepolizumab 750 mg every 4 weeks in 30 adults with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP. Mean total nasal polyp score was significantly improved in 60% of mepolizumab-treated patients compared to 10% of the placebo group.

Howarth et al. [51] described results of a post hoc analysis of the MUSCA study [52] and a meta-analysis of MUSCA and MENSA [53]; their combined objective was to determine the change in HRQOL in mepolizumab-treated patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) with or without NP. For the MUSCA post hoc analysis, 422 patients completed the SNOT-22 questionnaire at baseline and were included. Overall, 19% of patients (n = 80) had NP; in these patients mepolizumab and placebo significantly reduced the mean SNOT-22 from baseline to week 24. For the meta-analysis of MENSA/MUSCA, 166 of 936 patients (18%) had NP at screening. Patients with SEA and concomitant NP had a phenotype that showed greater benefit with mepolizumab compared with patients with SEA in the absence of NP.

The phase 3 SYNAPSE study [54] was a 52-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of subcutaneous mepolizumab 100 mg in 407 adult patients with highly symptomatic CRSwNP uncontrolled by previous surgery and treated with INCS. Eligible patients had at least 1 prior surgery in the past 10 years, recurrent nasal polyps despite treatment with standard of care and in need of nasal polyp surgery (overall VAS > 7 and an NPS of at least 5 with a minimum score of 2 in each side). The results were presented firstly at the congress of the European Respiratory Society, September 7-9, 2020 [55]. Mepolizumab 100 mg administered subcutaneously demonstrated significant improvement in terms of size of nasal polyps and nasal obstruction at week 52 compared with placebo.

Based on these data, in October 2020, EMA accepted regulatory submissions seeking approval for the use mepolizumab in CRWwNP. Mepolizumab is currently not indicated for the treatment of CRSwNP.

Benralizumab

Benralizumab is a humanised monoclonal antibody that binds to the alpha subunit of the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R or CD125) which is expressed on different cells like eosinophils, basophils and type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). The mechanism of action of benralizumab, different from other monoclonal antibodies binding IL-5, is not limited to interference with IL-5 inflammatory pathways. Indeed, benralizumab is able to induce an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by binding to the FcγRIIIα receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. This second mechanism of action produces a direct, rapid and nearly complete eosinophil depletion both in peripheral blood and bronchial tissue [56]. The Phase III studies, SIROCCO and CALIMA [57],[58], demonstrated the efficacy and safety of benralizumab in significantly reducing annualised exacerbations rates, improving lung function and disease control vs placebo as add-on therapy to high-dosage ICS/LABA in patients with SEA and blood eosinophil counts ≥ 300 cells/microliter.

A growing body of evidence suggests that benralizumab may exert a rapid and effective therapeutic action in patients with SEA and concomitant relapsing nasal polyposis [39]. Canonica et al. [59] presented the results of a sub-study of ANDHI phase III-b trial at EAACI congress in 2020, involving 153 patients with SEA and CRSwNP as comorbidity, demonstrating the efficacy of benralizumab in improving SNOT-22 scores. Clinically relevant improvements in CRSwNP symptoms were observed following the first dose and maintained over time.

Real world studies and case reports have confirmed the efficacy and safety of benralizumab in this population in clinical practice. Lombardo et al. [40] assessed a cohort of 10 SEA patients with CRSwNP treated with benralizumab, demonstrating significant reduction of endoscopic Nasal Polyp Score (NPS), Lund-Mackay Score and SNOT-22 after 24 weeks. Bagnasco et al. [60] in a real-world evaluation in 34 patients with SEA and CRSwNP, confirmed the effectiveness of benralizumab on SNOT-22 reduction, with 8/26 patients (31%) recovering from anosmia after 6 months of treatment.

In a phase II randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled 20-week trial [61], benralizumab led to significant improvement in endoscopic NPS, CT score, SNOT-22 and UPSIT score vs baseline in severe CRSwNP patients refractory to standard therapies with at least one previous polypectomy. These results suggested that benralizumab, which targets eosinophils directly, may have a role in the treatment of patients with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP.

Currently, a Phase III development programme which includes the completed OSTRO study [62] and the ongoing ORCHID trial [63] is assessing the efficacy and safety of benralizumab in patients with severe CRSwNP with or without asthma. On September 2020, a press release revealed that the OSTRO study Benralizumab met both its co-primary endpoints of reduced nasal polyp size and nasal congestion score (NCS) vs placebo as add-on therapy to standard of care in patients with severe bilateral nasal polyposis. Benralizumab for use in CRSwNP is expected to be approved in the next few years.

Recommendations for biologics in uncontrolled severe CRSwNP

Several trials have investigated the efficacy of biologics in the treatment of CRSwNP with encouraging results. The approval of some biologics by the FDA in the treatment of severe uncontrolled CRSwNP even without asthma has stimulated discussion in the medical community, expecting a quick entry in the market not only for dupilumab, but also for other monoclonal antibodies. For this reason, recent guidelines [1,64] gave full consideration about selection criteria of the ideal candidate for biologics and their place in current care pathways. In 2019, the EUFOREA team [64] suggested for the first time five criteria as crucial to select CRSwNP patients who are eligible for biologics. In February 2020, EPOS guidelines [1] further defined these criteria introducing specific cut-offs: evidence of type 2 disease (tissue eosinophils ≥ 10/hpf or blood eosinophils ≥ 250/microliter or total IgE ≥ 100), need for at least two courses of SCS per year or long term (> 3 months) low dose steroids or contraindication to systemic steroids, significantly impaired quality of life (SNOT-22 ≥ 40), anosmic on smell test and/or comorbid asthma needing regular inhaled corticorsteroid. EPOS 2020 [1] concluded that biologics are indicated in patients with bilateral nasal polyps, who had sinus surgery or were not fit for surgery and who had three of the listed criteria. The authors were involved in an extensive discussion of whether there was a role for biologics in patients without previous sinus surgery accepting that it was possible in exceptional circumstances.

Criteria established by current guidelines [1],[19] refers use of biologics in patients with severe and uncontrolled CRSwNP bringing to light the increasing necessity of identifying subgroups of patients who are eligible for biologics and of a clear definition of severe uncontrolled CRSwNP.

The concept of disease control has been a major critical point to optimise CRS management and was introduced for the first time at EPOS 2012 [5] combining the following parameters: control of the four major sino-nasal symptoms (nasal blockage, rhinorrhoea/postnasal drip, facial pain/pressure, smell), sleep disturbance and/or fatigue, endoscopic aspect of nasal mucosa and medical intake. EPOS2020 [1] criteria specified that the 4 major symptoms should be specifically related to CRS and not to other reasons [65]. EPOS 2020 [1] assumed as “difficult-to- treat” those in whom an acceptable level of control was not achieved despite appropriate surgery, INCS, and up to 2 brief courses of antibiotics or SCS in the last year, or long term (> 3 months) low dose steroids. The EPOS 2020 panel defined “short” courses of SCS as at least 7-21 days.

In the latest EUFOREA 2020 [19], “uncontrolled CRSwNP” was defined as “persistent or recurring despite long-term INCS and having received at least one course of SCS in the preceding 2 years (or having a medical contraindication or intolerance to SCS) and/or previous sinonasal surgery (unless having a medical contraindication or being unwilling to undergo surgery)”. The EUFOREA group [19] suggested that a short course of oral corticosteroids should be of a minimum of 5 days at a dose of 0.5-1 mg/kg/day or more. In this last definition, the need for corticosteroids was lowered based on evaluation of baseline criteria of subjects included in the Phase 3 studies. The EUFOREA group further confirmed that long term low does SCS are not recommended for CRSwNP. This panel believes that a specific discussion should be opened by the medical community on the right dose of SCS to consider as maximal per year. Given the considerable variability of ENT physicians in prescribing SCS in terms of daily dose and length of short courses, we believe that it may be more appropriate to refer to the yearly cumulative dose in the last year as for asthma patients. Bourdin et al. [66] in fact suggested that “a yearly cumulative OCS dose above 1 gram should be considered unacceptable in severe asthma and should make the case for referral”.

The concept of severity of disease over the years has been mainly based on the impact of disease on quality of life and its local extension. Because CRSwNP has a wide variability of presentation and the severity may vary significantly between individuals, several authors investigated how to measure it and its definition is becoming increasingly important. Validated QOL markers have been utilised to identify eligible CRSwNP patients for Phase 3 studies with biologics, with VAS and SNOT-22 being the most commonly used; for this reason, they are currently adopted to define severe CRSwNP [67,68]. Several nasal polyp endoscopic scoring systems have been described over the years [69,70] until a total NPS was recently developed and standardised [71]. It has served as a co-primary outcome in clinical trials of biologics, the results are reproducible and responsive to change in severe disease and it is the most common used to evaluate the size of nasal polyps. Equally, the Lund-Mackay radiological score allows reliable assessment of the extent of disease, and like endoscopy is easily repeatable [71]. Evaluation of olfaction is always important to define severity of the disease. UPSIT [72] is the standard clinical test used in United States, whereas the Sniffin’ Sticks in Europe [73,74]. Both have high test-retest reliability, normative values by age and sex, and are widely used in research and clinical practice. Nasal airflow may easily be measured by peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) that is an objective measure of airflow and closely correlated with nasal airway resistance. PNIF is simple to obtain, and the devices are inexpensive and can be used for repeated measurements [75].

The EPOS steering group [1] identified as cut offs for severe CRSwNP a VAS > 7, SNOT-22 > 40 and NPS > 5. Furthermore, the EPOS guidelines suggested that also olfaction evaluation was an important parameter to take into consideration suggesting as cut-offs the specific ones for the test used and indicating a picture of anosmia. Recently, the expert EUFOREA panel [19] lowered this parameter as follows: SNOT-22 > 35, loss of smell score (0-3) > 2 points or VAS ≥ 5 and NPS ≥ 4. The members of this committee believe that particular attention should be paid about cut offs of severe CRSwNP. Some concerns have been raised about this new proposed endoscopic score cut-off (NPS > 4) which seems to more properly reflect a moderate picture. Considering the fact that quality of life parameters were also lowered, we believe that future considerations should be made about this topic.

Multidisciplinary approach

The recent scientific evidence clearly underlines the link between Type 2 diseases, leading to implement multidisciplinary evaluation in Type 2 inflammatory conditions. CRS healthcare often requires support from other specialists especially in severe cases. The collaboration with an allergologist, pneumologist, immunologist and rheumatologist is crucial to define endotype of the disease and coexisting Type 2 comorbidities such as atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis or gastroenteritis, N-ERD, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, Churg Struss Syndrome etc. [76,77].

In the context of a multidisciplinary approach, the central role of the ENT in the management of CRSwNP should be underlined. The ENT has a crucial role firstly in the confirmation of the disease, in evaluating previous surgical treatment and measuring severity of the disease. Endoscopy should be considered a mainstay in the diagnosis of CRSwNP to perform an adequate phenotyping, accurate staging of the disease and adequate differential diagnosis. It should be noted that the possible coexistence of inverted papilloma and diffuse CRS with nasal polyps should be always excluded even if rare [68-71].

Surgery and biologics

The commission believes that the role of surgery should not be underestimated, but rather that its role should be reconsidered in the light of new therapeutic opportunities. ESS usually leads to a very quick relief of symptoms and in particular of nasal obstruction, and it further improves control of the disease obtained by long term local corticosteroids. Sinuses are, in fact, better accessible to local treatments after surgery increasing disease control by long term use of INCS (in 60%-70% of cases, disease does not recur within 5 years) [35,78]. For this reason, it is very important to distinguish between first-time and revision surgery. Another crucial factor that may influence the decision-making algorithm is the coexistence of other Type 2 comorbidities and in particular asthma (the one most associated with CRSwNP). The severity of comorbidities should be established because different scenarios may be faced that need to be assessed separately [16,17].

Patients with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP mainly managed by medical treatment and never treated by surgery with or without mild moderate asthma

If a patient has never undergone surgery, ESS should be taken into consideration because it improves control of the disease by INCS spreading their distribution to all sinonasal mucosa. Based on this assumption one could infer that if patients never received surgery probably control by INCS may not be fully achieved [78,79].

Finally, one last matter should be covered in the near future. Taking into consideration that some authors [34,80,81] have demonstrated that disease control by ESS plus long-term local corticosteroids is very difficult to achieve in the presence of negative predictors of surgical outcomes (asthma, allergy, blood eosinophilia, ASA triad, high load local inflammation, specific preoperative inflammatory patterns) [34], some speculate that in this subgroup of patients biologics should be taken into consideration even as first line treatment. Nevertheless, at the moment, there is insufficient literature evidence to support this statement and specific trials should be properly designed to verify this hypothesis.

Patients with severe CRSwNP uncontrolled after medical and surgical treatments with or without mild moderate asthma

This may be a different scenario if CRSwNP patients already underwent at least one previous surgery. In this situation, the ENT specialist has a central role in clarifying if surgery was appropriate or not by a careful evaluation of CT and endoscopic findings. It is very important to consider the surgical technique used in the previous treatments. Unfortunately, literature data about rate of success surgical management of CRSwNP varies significantly mainly because authors have not differentiated patients based on their phenotypes and because they adopted different criteria to define recurrence and disease control [82]. In addition, revision ESS rates have changed over the last decade tailoring the extent of surgery and optimising adjuvant post-operative therapy [83]. Recurrence after a simple polypectomy should be understood in a different way compared to a patient who underwent a more extended approach. It should be careful evaluated if surgery was commensurate to the severity of the phenotype.

Another important factor to take into consideration is the timing of recurrence and control of symptoms that patients experienced over the years after surgery. Recently, some authors [84] have demonstrated that patients presenting with a symptomatic recurrence within 3 years of surgery have a high risk of treatment failure, defined as the need for further surgery. Surgeons should distinguish between revision surgery that is required within a short period from the first procedure and a revision that is required after several years with good control of the disease. In these cases, we believe that the patient should be involved into the decision to repeat surgery or to shift towards treatment with biologics. If patients experience a long period of symptoms controlled by surgery and INCS, a revision surgery can be discussed with the patient. In this context, the presence of clinical predictors of poor surgical outcomes may help the patient and the surgeon towards the choice of biologics. Other factors may influence the choice such age of the patient and his/her preferences.

We believe that surgery still plays an important role not only in order to optimise control of the disease, but also for the dynamics between forces that range from international recommendations and payer policies to patient and physician preferences. Discussion should be opened about the possibility to use biologics as first line with surgery in case of very high polyps score to offer a better starting point to patients, even if there is insufficient evidence to support this hypothesis considering that there are no data comparing surgery in combination with biologics. In addition, the following recommendation of EUFOREA 2021 should be taken into consideration: “A fixed combination plan with surgery and biologic treatment starting in parallel or within a short time of one another is not advised, as the response of the individual patient to surgery or the biologic would be impossible to evaluate” [19].

Patients with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP and comorbid uncontrolled severe asthma

A proportion of patients with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP may also have a coexisting, highly disabling Type 2 disease such as severe asthma [85]. In this situation, multidisciplinary discussion with an allergologist and pneumologist is essential and treatment with biologics should be mainly managed by them. In these patients, surgery may offer a better starting point to achieve quick relief of sino-nasal symptoms and asthma control as soon as possible, even if surgery should be delayed while verifying the efficacy of biologics on sino-nasal symptoms and reducing the nasal polyp score. Close cooperation is recommended during treatment to evaluate both efficacy on asthma and CRwNP. Surgery or shift to another biologic may be indicated if poor control of CRSwNP is observed after 4-6 months of treatment with biologics.

Criteria to evaluate response to biologics

EUFOREA expert panel on 2019 [64] first described criteria to evaluate response to biologics and specifically: reduced nasal polyps size, reduced need for SCS, improved quality of life, improved sense of smell and reduced impact of comorbidities. The same criteria were adopted by EPOS 2020 [1]. Initially authors [86] agreed that the first evaluation should be set at 4 months to consider an early stopping point if treatment response is lacking, due to the high cost of these medications. More recently, the EUFOREA expert panel in 2020 [19] prolonged the first evaluation to 6 months of treatment and specified cut-offs for each criterion. The authors specified that the treatment should be followed when a clear change for at least one of the following criteria have been met: smell score increase > 0.5, NCS decrease > 0.5, NPS decrease by 1 point, SNOT-22 reduction > 8.9; VAS reduction > 2 cm. In addition, the authors recommended to discuss improvement with the patient. If patients do not accept improvement, a salvage treatment by SCS or surgery should be considered. A proportion of patients, in fact, might need surgery that the authors [19] defined as “salvage surgery under biologic protection”, although there is limited data about long term benefit of this kind of approach. Otherwise, if the patients accept improvement even in case of a minimal response the treatment should be prolonged until 12 months when efficacy should be re-evaluated, and all the following definitions should be satisfied to follow treatment: NPS < 4; NCS < 2; VAS < 5; SNOT-22 < 30. If the criteria are not met, surgery should be performed, or a different biologic should be considered.

The EUFOREA group [19] tried to standardise the evaluation of biologic efficacy and the decision to adopt based on the results and the patient’s comfort and preferences. We believe that future considerations will probably be required to confirm these criteria or to confirm more or less stringent indications. Real-life experience will be crucial to support this shared decision-making model.

Prediction of response to biologics and biomarkers

Biomarkers can serve as predictors of which patients will respond best to therapy and as outcome parameters during treatment in order to establish efficacy of treatment. Actually, prediction of response to biologics in an individual patient is not possible. In fact, we currently lack reliable clinical biomarkers to differentiate among CRSwNP endotypes that may differ in their response to specific biologics [87]. In this context, specific biomarkers should be investigated; to be clinically useful, as a predictor of the response to treatment, a biomarker must be highly predictive; it is also possible that clusters of biomarkers may be able to attain high levels of predictability, but extensive work is required to advance this field especially to be ready in the near future when more biologics will be available for severe uncontrolled CRSwNP. There is no experience on the best choice of a first biologic or a second, and there are no known limitations for blood or serum parameters for CRSwNP. Finally, no head-to-head comparisons between biologics have been performed. Future work on biomarkers may yield better tests for selecting the first drug to start with.

Costs of biologics in CRSwNP

Although multiple studies have confirmed the efficacy of biologics for treatment of CRSwNP, very limited data are currently available about cost analyses of biologics compared with the current standard of care. Brown et al. [88] critically looked at the efficacy and costs of biologic therapy for CRSwNP. They found few studies addressing this topic, reporting a more robust literature in asthma compared to CRwNP. They concluded that cost-efficacy studies are ambivalent when evaluating biologics. In fact, some authors [88] demonstrated that biologics tended to be cost-efficient, especially in patients who are poorly controlled with the standard of care, while several studies [89-91] have underlined that costs might be better justified if pharmaceutical companies lowered prices and if clinicians focused more on subgroups such as clear responders and those requiring more frequent SCS prescriptions.

We agree on the extreme need to plan cost-efficacy studies evaluating the long-term use of biologics compared with the current standard of care for CRSwNP. Total costs of the disease account for direct and indirect costs, where direct costs refer to health care costs and indirect costs refer to lost productivity. As demonstrated in other chronic diseases, the indirect costs of CRSwNP are much greater than the direct costs because patients are usually of working age [92]. Recently, some authors [93-97] have demonstrated significant improvement in productivity after treatment of CRS and reduction of indirect costs. Likewise, if biologics are effective, they may reduce the costs related to the burden of CRSwNP.

Finally, the cost of disease needs to consider the disease time horizon and in particular the interval time in which the patients will probably be burdened with lifelong disease. Therefore, as with any chronic condition, we cannot just focus cost estimations on short time intervals, even if long-term cost calculations and modeling are unfortunately very difficult to estimate.

Conclusions

In a patient with uncontrolled severe type 2 CRSwNP, if non-effective systemic medical treatment or surgery has been performed, a long-term plan using a biologic should be contemplated together with an informed patient. This plan needs to consider the endotype, comorbidities and former treatment history (long term INCS, surgeries, SCS and their efficacy, duration of effect, and adverse events). We believe that patients who are still symptomatic despite current maximal medical therapy and surgical intervention are the main focus of treatment with biologics. Based on the new developments, the physician should properly inform the patient about available alternatives involving him/her in the clinical decisions in line with the principles of precision medicine that patients will also share in decision making.

The clinical scenario may further evolve in the next months/years because other biologic will receive approval for severe CRSwNP, others are currently in the pipeline and even more targets are being identified. Future study should be oriented to characterise in which patients the single biologic may have greatest clinical efficacy. In fact, the general biomarkers of Type 2 inflammation currently adopted may help to broadly identify patients who may benefit from biologics, while ongoing research may lead to identification of new biomarkers that are useful in the selection of the right patient. For these reasons, we expect in the future that clinical algorithm and care pathways may be implemented based on improving selection criteria. Future clinical trials are needed to implement recommendations for initiation of biologics, and to compare biologics to the current standard of care and between biologic medication options.

A multidisciplinary shared airway approach can possibly identify patients who may require treatment with biologics at an earlier stage in the disease process. This may have an overall positive impact on the psychological burden of the disease on patients and healthcare service. Nevertheless, current literature data do not support use of biologics at an earlier stage in the disease process of CRS, although this scenario might change in the future.

At present, biologics are mainly considered only as adjunct therapy in patients with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP and evidence of Type 2 disease. The exact application of biologics will continue to evolve. Combinations of biologic therapies with surgery will be probably explored. Further research into biologics vs surgery as well as long-term disease control is required. It is likely that biologics will in time become an alternative for sinus surgery as currently performed. We believe that the role of biologics in conjunction with surgery, after surgery, or as an alternative to it, needs to be investigated further.

While MAbs are well tolerated with no severe adverse effects, further research is required to determine their long-term benefits, comparability to other medical treatments and potential side effects.

Physicians, patients, insurers and government payers should not ignore considerations about costs. At this time, there is minimal data examining the cost-efficacy and long-term side effects. To better understand costs, studies should be designed to evaluate if biologics may decrease costs related to severe uncontrolled CRSwNP.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Professor Gaetano Paludetti that encouraged and stimulated discussion of the commission about the important fields of Biologics in severe uncontrolled CRSwNP when he was President of Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology. We finally thank Professor Paludetti for final critical revision of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.