| Literature DB >> 34267787 |
Raquelle Machado de Vargas1, Maria Luiza Nunes da Cruz1, Maria Paula Hashimoto Giarllarielli1, Beatriz Mota Sano1, Geovana Idelfoncio da Silva1, Karina Furlani Zoccal1, Cristiane Tefé-Silva1.
Abstract
Behçet's disease is a rare form of systemic vasculitis that affects small to large vessels. It is characterized by mucocutaneous, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological manifestations. Its clinical presentation is quite wide, ranging from milder cases to severe cases, with multisystemic involvement, characteristically with exacerbations and remissions. Its etiopathogenesis is still unclear, although there is evidence of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors, such as the association with the HLA-B51 allele. In conjunction, all of these point to an abnormal immunopathological process, with activation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity, such as NK cells, neutrophils, and T cells, which generate specific response patterns and cytokines capable of generating mediators that can damage and inflame blood vessels, resulting in venous and arterial occlusions and/or aneurysm formation. CopyrightEntities:
Keywords: Behçet syndrome; HLA-B51 antigen; systemic vasculitis
Year: 2021 PMID: 34267787 PMCID: PMC8256877 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.200170
Source DB: PubMed Journal: J Vasc Bras ISSN: 1677-5449
Figure 1Flow diagram illustrating selection of articles.
Studies used in the review.
|
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Alibaz-Oner et al. | To investigate therapeutic approaches during the initial event and relapses. | Patients with BD were enrolled (n = 936, mean age: 37.6±10.8) at 15 rheumatology centers in Turkey and classified according to the ISG criteria. | 2C |
| Kechida et al. | To describe the clinical characteristics of BD with cardiac and vascular involvement. | 213 medical records were analyzed, from all patients with BD who met the ISGBD criteria seen from January 2004 to May 2016 at the Department of Internal Medicine. | 3B |
| Eksioglu-Demiralp et al. | To clarify the role played by neutrophils in the pathogenesis of BD. | Neutrophil activation was investigated in patients with BD using flow cytometry methods. | 3B |
| Borhani Haghighi et al. | To analyze cytokine profiles in the CSF of patients with neuro Behçet disease and viral meningitis. | IL-6, 8, 10, tumor necrosis-α, and interferon-γ were measured in CSF using the enzyme immunoassay method. | 3B |
| Musabak et al. | To investigate the relationship between serum IL-18 levels and BD disease activity and clinical presentations. | Sixty patients with BD and 20 healthy controls were included in the study. Patients were classified as having active or inactive disease. | 3B |
BD = Behçet’s disease; IL = interleukin; ISG = International Study Group; ISGBD = International Study Group for Behçet Disease; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid. 2C: ‘Outcomes’ research; 3B: Individual case-control study (Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels of evidence).
Frequency of clinical lesions in Behçet’s disease.
|
| |
|---|---|
| Oral lesions | 95 |
| Neurological manifestation | 10-50 |
| Gastrointestinal manifestation | 5-60 |
| Vascular manifestation | 5-30 |
| Cardiac manifestation | 1-5 |
| Pulmonary manifestation | 1-8 |
Figure 2Diagram illustrating the immunopathological mechanism of Behçet’s disease. The HLA-B51 allele and infections mediate pathogenesis of Behçet’s disease. These triggers inappropriately activate an immune system capable of producing cytokines and, consequently, reactive cells, injuring vessels as a consequence. IL = interleukin; IFN = interferon; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
Principal cells involved in the pathogenesis of Behçet’s disease.
|
| The frequency of NK cells is reduced in autoimmune diseases and their cytotoxicity is impaired. Some studies have demonstrated low numbers of NK cells in patients with BD, compromising immunity. |
|
| Neutrophils can damage host cells and tissues, making them a trigger factor of inflammation, which, in turn, triggers the immunoresponse. |
|
| The Th1 cells that produce IFN-γ activate macrophages responsible for cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens and associated with many organ-specific autoimmune diseases, including BD. |
|
| There is a significantly higher frequency of Th17 cells in circulation in patients with active BD than in the same patients when in remission. |
BD = Behçet’s disease; IFN = interferon; NK = natural killer.
Figura 1Fluxograma de seleção de artigos.
Estudos utilizados na revisão.
|
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Alibaz-Oner et al. | Investigar as abordagens terapêuticas durante o evento inicial e recidivas. | Foram incluídos pacientes com DB (n = 936, idade média: 37,6±10,8), classificados de acordo com os critérios do ISG de 15 centros de reumatologia da Turquia | 2C |
| Kechida et al. | Descrever as características clínicas da DB com o envolvimento cardíaco e vascular. | Foram analisados 213 prontuários de todos os pacientes com DB acompanhados entre janeiro de 2004 e maio de 2016 no Departamento de Medicina Interna e que preencheram os critérios do ISGBD. | 3B |
| Eksioglu-Demiralp et al | Esclarecer o papel dos neutrófilos na patogênese da DB. | A ativação de neutrófilos foi investigada em pacientes com DB por métodos de citometria de fluxo. | 3B |
| Borhani Haghighi et al. | Analisar perfis de citocinas no LCR de pacientes com doença neuro Behçet e meningite viral. | IL-6, 8, 10, fator de necrose tumoral-α e interferon-γ foram medidos no LCR usando o método de ensaio imunoenzimático. | 3B |
| Musabak et al. | Investigar a relação dos níveis séricos de IL-18 com a atividade da doença e as apresentações clínicas da DB. | Sessenta pacientes com DB e 20 controles saudáveis foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes foram agrupados como portadores de doença ativa ou inativa. | 3B |
DB = doença de Behçet; IL = interleucina; ISG = International Study Group; ISGBD = International Study Group for Behçet Disease; LCR = líquido cefalorraquidiano. 2C: Observação de resultados terapêuticos; 3B: Estudo caso-controle (Níveis de evidência científica segundo a classificação de Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine).
Frequência de lesões clínicas na doença de Behçet.
|
| |
|---|---|
| Lesões orais | 95 |
| Manifestação neurológica | 10-50 |
| Manifestação gastrointestinal | 5-60 |
| Manifestação vascular | 5-30 |
| Manifestação cardíaca | 1-5 |
| Manifestação pulmonar | 1-8 |
Figura 2Diagrama do mecanismo imunopatológico da doença de Behçet - o alelo HLA-B51 associado às infecções medeiam a patogenia da doença de Behçet. Tais gatilhos ativam um sistema imunológico inadequadamente capazes de produzir citocinas e, consequentemente, células reativas, lesionando, por fim, os vasos. IL = interleucina; IFN = interferon; TNF = fator de necrose tumoral.
Principais células envolvidas na patogênese da doença de Behçet.
|
| Nas doenças autoimunes, a frequência das células NK diminui e sua citotoxicidade é prejudicada. Alguns estudos demonstraram que o número de células NK em pacientes com DB diminuíram, comprometendo a imunidade. |
|
| Neutrófilos podem danificar células e tecidos hospedeiros, sendo, assim, o fator desencadeante da inflamação, que, por sua vez, desencadeia a resposta imune. |
|
| As células Th1 que produzem IFN-γ que ativam macrófagos, responsáveis pela imunidade mediada por células a patógenos intracelulares e estão associados a muitas doenças autoimunes específicas de órgãos, incluindo a DB. |
|
| A frequência de células Th17 circulantes em pacientes com DB ativa é significativamente maior do que nos mesmos pacientes no estágio de remissão. |
DB = doença de Behçet; IFN = interferon; NK = natural killer.