A Halomanganates(II) with P,P'-Diprotonated Bis(2-Diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether: Wavelength-Excitation Dependence of the Quantum Yield and Role of the Non-Covalent Interactions.

A [H2DPEphos][MnX4] [X = Br, Cl] tetrahalomanganates(II) with P,P'-diprotonated bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether cation has been designed and investigated in photophysics and EPR terms. The complexes exhibit a green luminescence resulted from the Mn(II) d-d transitions (4T1→6A1) with the wavelength-excitation dependence of the quantum yield. The solid [H2DPEphos][MnBr4] complex exhibits a bright green phosphorescence (λmax = 515 nm) with the high luminescence quantum yield depending on the excitation energy whereas the solid [H2DPEphos][MnCl4] complex exhibits a very weak phosphorescence (λmax = 523 nm). The unexpected shorter luminescence lifetime for the [H2DPEphos][MnCl4] than for the [H2DPEphos][MnBr4] at 300 K can be a result of the higher non-radiative relaxation contribution. On the one hand, the non-covalent PH…X(Mn) interactions quench the manganese(II) luminescence. On the other hand, the PH…X(Mn) interactions are a pathway of the excitation transfer from [H2DPEphos]2+ to [MnX4]2-.

1. Introduction

The luminescent manganese(II) complexes have been intensively studied over the past few decades [1,2,3,4,5] on account of their interesting optical, thermal, and magnetic properties [6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. The luminescence of the manganese(II) complexes can be originated from the metal perturbed intraligand transition [6,7] and from the Mn(II) spin-forbidden d–d 4T1(G)→6A1(S) transition [6,7]. In the last case, the emission maximum is strongly dependent on the crystal field [5] parameters of the Mn(II) center. The emission of the Mn(II) center can vary from green to near-infrared range for the tetrahedral and octahedral coordinated Mn(II), respectively [13]. The coexisting of both Mn(II) coordination in the compounds can lead to observing the dual green-red luminescence, but such examples are still rare.

Currently, special attention is paid to the organic–inorganic tetrahalomanganates(II) compounds. The adjustable coordination geometry [13] make the nitrogen- and phosphonium-based molecules promising counterions for obtaining effectively luminescent tetrahalomanganates(II). The bright green luminescence of the tetrahalomanganates(II) [13,14,15,16,17,18] with the quantum yields varying in the wide range and reaching 100% (Table 1) make these compounds good prospects for creating light emission devices. The organic cations and [MnX4]2− anions in the tetrahalomanganates(II) compounds interact through the non-covalent interactions. One of the types of non-covalent interactions is a hydrogen bond. The hydrogen bonds have a strong influence on the tetrahalomanganates(II) compounds defining the geometry, stability, and disordering of the [MnX4]2− center. The hydrogen bonds can also increase or decrease the non-radiative relaxation probability of the excited states of the cations and [MnX4]2− centers, influencing the luminescence lifetimes and quantum yields [19,20]. It should be noted that the hydrogen bonds can also play a role in the excitation transfer channel between different parts of compounds [20,21,22,23].

Table 1

Photophysical data (peak position and luminescence quantum yield) for [MnX4]2−-containing compounds.

Cation	Halide	Quantum Yield, %	λEm, nm	Ref.
Ph3P-Ph	Br	98	516	[16]
Ph3P-Ph	Cl	40	522	[17]
Ph3P-Benzyl	Br	90	510	[13]
Ph3P-Benzyl	Cl	32	509	[13]
Ph3P-Et	Br	91	522	[13]
Ph3P-Et	Cl	29	524	[13]
Ethylenebis- Ph3P	Br	95	517	[18]
Ph(Me)3N	Br	76	520	[2]
Ph(Me)3N	Cl	89	522	[2]
Et4N	Br	86	516	[2]
Et4N	Cl	75	518	[2]

Herein, the synthesis and comparative investigation of the luminescent organic–inorganic tetrahalomanganates(II) compounds, [H2DPEphos][MnX4] (X = Br and Cl, DPEphos = bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether), are reported. The [H2DPEphos][MnBr4] shows a bright luminescence at 515 nm with 42–60% photoluminescence quantum efficiency at room temperature depending on the excitation energy. The electron paramagnetic resonance, low-temperature photoluminescence measurements, and DFT calculations were performed to investigate the mechanisms of the excitation, radiative, and non-radiative relaxation processes. This work extends a class of organic–inorganic manganese(II) complexes with the hydrogen bond network, which plays an important role in the charge transfer processes between organic cation and inorganic anion. It is shown that the non-covalent PH…X(Mn) interactions can not only quench the luminescence but can also be a pathway of the excitation transfer from the organic “antenna” to the manganese(II) ion. It is worth noting that the work devoted to the bright green-luminescent tetrahedral manganese(II) dihalide with DPEphos oxide ligand [15] has shown the organic ligand acting as an effective UV-radiation antenna for the manganese(II) ion. This work highlights the importance of the intentional choice of the organic fragments with certain properties (especially an electronic structure and energy transfer possibilities through protons) when considering the tetrahalomanganates(II) synthesize strategy. The indirect excitation process of manganese(II) ion through the organic cation can be employed to improve the luminescence efficiency.

2. Experimental Part

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization Data for and

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Complexes 1 and 2

To a mixture of solid bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether (DPEphos) (≥98.0%) and MnCO3·xH2O (44–46% Mn) taken in the 1:1 molar ratio, a volume of 3 mL of concentrated hydrohalic acid HX (X = Cl (37%) or Br (48%)) was added (Scheme 1). The mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 1 h. The crystals formed were precipitated from the solution. The crystals were collected through filtration and dried in the air. Using the same molar of the hydrated manganese(II) halide salts MnX2 (instead of manganese(II) carbonate) leads to the formation of the same products.

Scheme 1

Synthesis of complexes 1 and 2.

[H (1) was prepared from MnCO3·xH2O (30.4 mg, 0.25 mmol) and DPEphos (134.6 mg, 0.25 mmol) using hydrobromic acid HBr (48% HBr) as solvent. Yield: 197 mg (86% Mn). Colorless prism-shaped crystals. IR spectrum is in ESI.

[H (2) was prepared from MnCO3·xH2O (30.4 mg, 0.250 mmol) and DPEphos (134.6 mg, 0.25 mmol) using hydrochloric acid HCl (37% HCl) as solvent. Yield: 166 mg (90% Mn). Colorless prism-shaped crystals. IR spectrum is in ESI.

3. Methods

Suitable crystals were selected and mounted on a MITIGEN holder oil on an XtaLAB Synergy R, DW system, HyPix-Arc 150 diffractometer. The crystals were kept at a steady T = 123.01 (10) K for 1 and T = 100.01 (11) K for 2 during data collection. Data were measured using ω scans using CuK radiation. The diffraction patterns were indexed and the total number of runs and images were based on the strategy calculation from the program CrysAlisPro [24]. The maximum resolutions were achieved θ > 73°. The unit cells were refined using CrysAlisPro [24]. Data reduction, scaling, and absorption corrections were performed using CrysAlisPro [24]. A Gaussian absorption correction was performed using CrysAlisPro [24]. Numerical absorption correction based on Gaussian integration over a multifaceted crystal model empirical absorption correction using spherical harmonics, implemented in SCALE3 ABSPACK scaling algorithm. The structure was solved with the ShelXT [25] solution program using dual methods and by using Olex2 [26] as the graphical interface. The model was refined with ShelXL [27] using full-matrix least-squares minimization on F2. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. Hydrogen atom positions were calculated geometrically and refined using the riding model, but some hydrogen atoms were refined freely. CCDC 2078076 and 2078077 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center at www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures (accessed on 1 May 2021).

Corrected luminescence spectra were recorded on a Fluorolog 3 spectrometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon) with a cooled PC177CE-010 photon detection module equipped with an R2658 photomultiplier; with continuous 450 W and pulsed (pulse time FWHM 3 μs) 50 W Xe-lamps; with two Czerny–Turner double monochromators. Absolute values of quantum yields were recorded using the Quanta-φ device of Fluorolog 3. Temperature dependencies of luminescence were studied using Optistat DN optical cryostat (Oxford Instruments). The luminescence quantum yield at 77 K was obtained relative to the quantum yield of the same sample at 300 K [28].

EPR spectra were recorded on the Varian E-109 spectrometer in Q-band at 300 K. A 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) standard sample was used to calibrate the magnetic field of the spectrometer. The spectra were simulated in MATLAB (The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) using the EasySpin program package for EPR [29].

X-ray powder diffractions (XRPD) were recorded in the 5 ÷ 32° 2θ range using Shimadzu XRD-7000 powder diffractometer (CuKα tube with Ni filter, Bragg-Brentano scheme with a vertical θ-θ goniometer, OneSight SSD-detector).

The structures of the complexes were optimized by a spin-unrestricted DFT method (spin polarization—5) using the Amsterdam density functional [30,31] program with a gradient exchange functional GGA (BP86—Becke [32] and Perdew [33,34]). Triple zeta polarized (TZP) basis sets and the no frozen core approximation were used in all calculations. The initial positions of atoms were taken from the X-ray structure analysis. The frequency analysis was carried out to check the nature of the stationary points (BP86, TZP) and imaginary frequencies were not found. The calculation of the -tensor [35] was made using Spin-Orbit ZORA [36,37,38] approximation with a hybrid functional PBE0 [39,40]. The zero-field parameters were obtained using the method proposed by van Wüllen and coworkers [41,42]. The electronic excitations were calculated using the TD-DFT method [43,44] (BP86, B3LYP [45], and CAM-B3LYP [46] functionals, TZP) and additionally with the spin-flip approximation [47,48]. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) [49] extended transition state method with the natural orbitals for chemical valence theory (ETS-NOCV), and the non-covalent interaction (NCI) calculations [50,51,52,53,54,55,56] were carried out to investigate the non-covalent interactions using the ADF program (BP86, TZP). The [H2DPEphos]2+ cation and [MnX4]2− anion were used as fragments to calculate ETS-NOCV.

FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Vertex 80 spectrometer at ambient temperature.

Differential scanning calorimetric measurements were performed using a heat flow measurement method using a Netzsch TG 209 F1 calorimeter with a heating rate of 10 °C min−1, in a He flow of 30 mL min−1.

3.1. Structural Descriptions

The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that complexes 1 and 2 crystallize in centrosymmetric space group P-1. The unit cell contains two [H2DPEphos]2+ cations and two [MnX4]2− anions that are not related by symmetry and have slightly different geometry parameters (Z′ = 2). The inversion center located not on the fragments completes the unit cell (Z = 4). Unfortunately, the presence of a center of symmetry makes the presence of triboluminescence unlikely. Complexes consist of isolated [MnX4]2− anions surrounded by the [H2DPEphos]2+ cations. Every Mn(II) atom in 1 and 2 is four coordinated by the four halide atoms. The positions of the manganese and halide ions are disordered in the crystal. The disorder of [MnX4]2− fragments can be resulted from the thermal (vibration) motion of atoms and/or the deviation of the nuclei position in each unit cell from the position averaged for the whole crystal. The coordination geometry around the Mn(II) can be described as a distorted tetrahedron with the Mn-X distances (and X-Mn-X angles) varying in the range of 2.320–2.680 Å (105.0–115.9°) for 1 and 2.295–2.406 Å (102.4–116.6°) for 2. The dihedral angles between phenyl rings of the diphenyl ether fragment are 118.0° and 118.8° for 1 and 117.8° and 118.2° for 2 which is close to values for diphenyl ether (Ph2O, CCDC RAFFIO) (118.3°) and DPEphos (CCDC GAJRIT) (118.9°). The C-O-C angles are 69.5° and 70.1° for 1 and 68.1° and 68.8° for 2 whereas the C-O-C angle is 75.6° for Ph2O and 67.2° for DPEphos. Along with increasing the C-O-C angles in 1 and 2 relative to the corresponding DPEphos angle, the P-P distance also significantly increases from 4.876 Å for DPEphos to 5.193 Å and 5.218 Å for 2 and 5.247 Å and 5.269 Å for 1. The P-Mn-P angles are 70.2° and 71.0° for 1 and 70.9° and 71.2° for 2.

The non-covalent CH…X(Mn) and PH…X(Mn) interactions between [H2DPEphos]2+ and [MnX4]2− fragments form a 3D intermolecular contacts framework. The shortest PH…X(Mn) distance is 2.532 Å for 1 and 2.465 Å for 2 which is close to the distances in the PH4X compounds [57,58]. The presence of PH…X(Mn) and CH…X(Mn) interactions may be one of the reasons resulting in the disordering of the [MnX4]2− anions following the PH…X(Mn) and CH…X(Mn) vibrations (see below).

According to the obtained luminescence and magnetic properties for 1 and 2, the different properties for the non-equivalent cations and anions, and the disordering atoms were not experimentally noticed. The non-equivalence and disordering probably lead to the broadening of the luminescence and EPR spectral lines.

3.2. Photophysical Properties

The solid samples of 1 and 2 exhibit broadband temperature-dependent photoluminescence in the visible region (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The photophysical data for 1 and 2 are collected in Table 2. The luminescence maximum λmax = 515 nm and 523 nm at 300 K for 1 and 2, respectively, red-shifts to λmax = 520 nm and 527 nm at 77 K for 1 and 2, respectively. At the same time, the narrowing of the spectral line and increasing of the photoluminescence integral intensity is observed. Such temperature behavior is typical for the tetrahalomanganates(II) [14]. It should be noted that the luminescence maximum for both complexes is the wavelength-excitation independent in the energy range λEx = 240–500 nm. However, the quantum yield of the luminescence ΦPL decreases with the energy excitation decreasing from 2% under excitation λEx = 300 nm to ≈0.1% under λEx = 447 nm for 2 and from 60% under λEx = 300 nm to 42% under λEx = 453 nm for 1 at 300 K. Such behavior can be associated with the charge transfer process realized between the [H2DPEphos]2+ cation and the [MX4]2− anion through PH…X(Mn) and CH…X(Mn) hydrogen bonds (see below).

Figure 1

Temperature dependences of the photoluminescence excitation spectra (λEm = 520 nm) and photoluminescence spectra (λEx = 453 nm) of 1.

Figure 2

Temperature dependences of the photoluminescence excitation spectra (λEm = 527 nm) and photoluminescence spectra (λEx = 447 nm) of 2.

Table 2

Photophysical data for polycrystalline complexes 1 and 2.

	1 (Br)	2 (Cl)
λmax(300 K) [nm] a	515	523
τ(300 K) [µs] a	177	100
ΦPL(300 K) [%] a	42	≈0.1
kr(300 K) [s–1] a,b	2.4 × 103	≈1.0 × 101
knr(300 K) [s–1] a,c	3.3 × 103	≈1.0 × 104
ΦPL(300 K) [%] e	60	2
kr(300 K) [s–1] e,b	3.4 × 103	2.0 × 102
knr(300 K) [s–1] e,c	2.3 × 103	9.8 × 103
Chromaticity(300 K) [x, y] d	0.164;0.750	0.259;0.569
λmax(77 K) [nm] a	520	527
τ(77 K) [µs] a	304	2900
ΦPL(77 K) [%] a	≈100	40
kr(77 K) [s–1] a,b	3.3 × 103	1.4 × 102
knr(77 K) [s−1] a,c	<3.3 × 102	2.1 × 102
ΦPL(77 K) [%] e	≈100	≈100
kr(77 K) [s–1] e,b	3.3 × 103	3.4 × 102
knr(77 K) [s−1] e,c	<3.3 × 102	<3.4 × 101
Chromaticity(77 K) [x, y] d	0.216;0.656	0.205;0.744
ΔE [cm−1]	900	1100
10Dqtet [cm−1]	1730	1960
B [cm−1]	638	608

a Excitation wavelengths are λEx = 453 nm and 447 nm for 1 and 2, respectively; b Radiative decay rate: kr = ΦPL/τ; c Non-radiative decay rate: knr = τ−1 − kr; d CIE 1931 color space; e Excitation wavelength is λEx = 300 nm.

The photoluminescence excitation spectra of both complexes (Figure 1 and Figure 2) consist of the well-resolved lines in the range 350–500 nm and partially resolved broadband at higher energy. The analysis of the excitation spectra is carried out using the Tanabe–Sugano approach [59] with the tetrahedral/octahedral symmetry approximation to estimate the crystal field splitting parameter (Dq) and Racah parameter (B) [60,61]. The reduction of the parameter BMn from the free ion value B0Mn = 923 cm−1 [62] is observed (β = B/B0Mn = 0.69 and 0.66 for 1 and 2, respectively). Such reduction indicates the formation of the covalent bonds involving manganese orbitals and/or that the effective positive charge on the metal decreased. Contrariwise to the B parameter, the Dq parameter for 1 is less than for 2, which is in good agreement with the ligand field theory. Based on the obtained data in combination with the EPR data (see below), the observed luminescence originated from the 4T1(G)→6A1(S) transition and can be ascribed to the phosphorescence. The efficiency of the [MnX4]2− phosphorescence depends on the intersystem crossing processes caused by the presence of the halide ions. The spin-orbit coupling constant for Br is significantly bigger than for Cl, leading to the intersystem crossing process for 1 being bigger than for 2.

The temperature dependences of the luminescence decays are obtained to estimate the activation energy for the thermal quenching process. The luminescence decays are described by the monoexponential function for complexes 1 and 2 in 77–300 K temperature range: where is the intensity at = 0 and is the lifetime. It should be noted that the luminescence lifetime is wavelength-excitation independent. The luminescence lifetimes increase from 177 μs and 100 μs at 300 K to 304 μs and 2900 μs at 77 K for 1 and 2, respectively. The temperature dependences of are fitted by the following equation (Figure 3): where is the temperature-independent radiative lifetime, is the dimensionless parameter which can be seen as the ratio between the non-radiative and radiative probabilities, and is the activation energy for the thermal quenching process which is equal to the = 1300 K (900 cm−1) and 1600 K (1100 cm−1) for 1 and 2, respectively. The thermal behavior depends on the potential energy parameters. The thermal quenching process is originated from the crossing of the excited state potentials with ground state potential following energy dissipation via the vibrations. At least three different pathways of the non-radiative transitions for the [MnX4]2− core can be highlighted. The non-radiative relaxation can occur between the 4T1(G) and 6A1(S) states directly and through 4T2(G) and charge transfer states. Together with the above-mentioned increasing of the intersystem crossing process probability, the 4T2(G) level is closer to 4T1(G) in 1 than in 2 (Table S11). These can explain the observed different thermal behavior of the investigated complexes. In addition, the PH…X(Mn) vibrations can play an important role in the quenching processes. The two main PH…X(Mn) vibrations have energy = 2133 cm−1 (777 km/mol) and 2333 cm−1 (349 km/mol) for 2 and = 2155 cm−1 (679 km/mol) and 2370 cm−1 (240 km/mol) for 1. It can be assumed that the above-mentioned vibrations result in the high ratio of the non-radiative transition rates to radiative transition rate and, consequently, the unexpected short luminescence lifetime and low quantum yield for 2 at 300 K.

Figure 3

Temperature dependences of the photoluminescence lifetime of 1 (λEx = 453 nm, λEm = 520 nm, left) and 2 (λEx = 447 nm, λEm = 527 nm, right).

For deeper investigation of the PH…X(Mn) interactions, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and the extended transition state method with natural orbitals for chemical valence theory (ETS-NOCV) calculations were carried out for 1 and 2. According to the QTAIM calculation (Figure S8), the (3, −1) bond critical points exist between hydrogen and halide ions, including the bonds between PH and X(Mn) fragments. This approach gives a quantum mechanical description of the topology of the weak bonds in molecules. The detailed information about weak interactions in 1 and 2 was obtained using the ETS-NOCV approach with non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis. The calculation of the deformation density Δρ shows that the interaction between the [H2DPEphos]2+ cation and the [MnX4]2− anion results in the decreasing of the density ρ on the X and H nuclei of the PH…X(Mn) fragments and the increasing of the density ρ in the area between the (P)H and X(Mn) ions. The NCI analysis shows the presence of the PH…X(Mn) attractive interactions both in 1 and 2 (Figure S9). Obtained results indicate the possibility of the occurrence of the charge transfer processes between [H2DPEphos]2+ cation and the [MX4]2− anion.

It is interesting to compare the properties of the obtained complexes and the properties of the tetrahedral manganese(II) with bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether oxide (DPEPO) ligand [15] crystallizing in the same P-1 space group. The [MnBr2(DPEPO)] and [MnCl2(DPEPO)] complexes exhibit the intense room-temperature luminescence with the maximum at λ = 502 nm and 507 nm, quantum yield ΦPL = 70% and 32%, and luminescence lifetime τ = 0.5 ms and 2.2 ms, respectively. Authors assume that the high efficiency of luminescence is caused by the effective intersystem crossing process and the energy effectively transfers from DPEPO ligand to Mn(II) ion. The close situation can be realized in complexes 1 and 2. Indeed, the quantum-chemical calculations obtained for [H2DPEphos]2+ cation, [H2DPEphos][ZnCl4], and [H2DPEphos][ZnBr4] show that the phosphorus and hydrogen (PH…X(Mn)) orbitals involved in the electronic excitations with the high oscillation strength in the energy range up to 5 eV (248 nm). The energy of the singlet-singlet transition (CAM-B3LYP functional) with high oscillation strength equals to = 4.46 eV (278 nm) and = 4.59 eV (270 nm) for [H2DPEphos][ZnCl4] and [H2DPEphos][ZnBr4] (Table S13), respectively. Whereas the energy of the singlet-triplet transition equals to = 3.31 eV (375 nm) and = 3.23 eV (384 nm) for [H2DPEphos][ZnCl4] and [H2DPEphos][ZnBr4] (Table S13), respectively. The singlet-singlet and singlet-triplet transitions are calculated for the cations with the atom position taken from the [H2DPEphos][ZnCl4] and [H2DPEphos][ZnBr4] to investigate the changes of the transition energies in the [H2DPEphos]2+ cation resulting from the interaction with the [ZnX4]2− anion (Table S14). For both cation geometries, the transition energies are close and equal to = 4.66 eV (266 nm) and = 3.23 eV (384 nm). The interaction of the [H2DPEphos]2+ cation with the [ZnX4]2− anion results in the decreasing of the and energies. Nevertheless, the energy gap is still higher than 5000 cm−1 and equals to 1.15 eV (9325 cm−1) and 1.36 eV (10,987 cm−1) for [H2DPEphos][ZnCl4] and [H2DPEphos][ZnBr4] (Table S13), respectively. According to the Reinhoudt’s empirical rule [15], the intersystem crossing process is effective in the [H2DPEphos]2+ cation with > 5000 cm−1. At the same time, the energies of the G state sublevels of the manganese(II) ion for 1 and 2 are less than 2.92 eV (425 nm), lower than the estimated energy. Therefore, the energy can be transferred from the [H2DPEphos]2+ cation to the Mn(II) ion of [MX4]2− through PH…X(Mn) hydrogen bonds [63]. The above-mentioned mechanism can explain the wavelength-excitation dependence of the luminescence quantum yield while the luminescence maximum, linewidth, and lifetime do not exhibit wavelength-excitation dependence and the reasons for the luminescence thermal quenching features of both complexes. The possible energy absorption and emission processes and energy migration pathways are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4

Representation of the energy absorption, transfer, and emission processes in 1 and 2 (—absorption, —internal conversion and intersystem crossing transition, —emission, —transfer from [H2DPEphos]2+ to [MnX4]2−, —non-radiative relaxation).

3.3. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

The Q-band EPR spectra of polycrystalline complexes 1 and 2 were recorded at room temperature under non-saturated conditions (Figure 5). The EPR spectra were described by the spin-Hamiltonian: with parameters presented in Table 3., data were analyzed using the EasySpin program [29]. The hyperfine interaction for Mn(II) ion is ignored due to the absence of the resolved line that is typical for this ion in the spectra. According to the obtained data, the ground state of the Mn(II) is an orbital singlet 6S5/2 (S = 5/2, L = 0) and the crystal field splitting does not remove the degeneracy of orbital levels. The external magnetic field can remove the degeneracy of spin levels. However, the interaction of the unpaired electrons can result in the lifting of spin levels degeneracy without an external magnetic field. This is so-called zero-field splitting (ZFS) which is usually defined via and parameters. The two different types of interaction between unpaired electrons contribute to the total zero-field splitting . The first interaction is a spin–spin dipole–dipole interaction between metal ions. The second is a spin-orbit coupling term. The last part consists of four different types of excitations presented in the one-electron approximation as α→β (spin-flip excitation corresponding to the spin-pairing ∆S = –1) and the charge-transfer transitions β→α, β→β, and α→α [64]. The first term (α→β) mainly defines the efficiency of the luminescence and corresponding forbidden d–d transitions. Other terms can play an important role in the quenching processes by energy dissipation. The complex 1 is characterized by the relatively high value of the parameter with the contribution of the α→β term compared with other charge-transfer terms and term. Whereas the complex 2 is characterized by the significantly less value of the parameter and the contribution of the charge-transfer terms being predominant. This fact can explain the observed difference of the luminescence efficiency between 1 and 2 additionally to the reasons mentioned in the photophysical properties section.

Figure 5

Q-band EPR spectra of solid 1 (left) and 2 (right) at 300 K. (I—experimental, II—the best fit of the experimental data).

Table 3

Experimental and calculated EPR parameters for polycrystalline complexes 1 and 2.

	1	2
S	5/2	5/2
g_exp  a	2.005	2.000
g_calc  a	2.008	2.003
|D|_exp[MHz] b	4200	1760
|D|_calc[MHz] b	4800	2007
|E|_exp[MHz] b	903	380
|E|_calc[MHz] b	525	356

a—-tensor, b and —zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters.

4. Conclusions

The luminescent organic–inorganic halomanganate(II) compounds with P,P’-diprotonated bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether have been synthesized and investigated. The ground state of the Mn(II) ions in the complexes is an orbital singlet 6S5/2 (6A1). The luminescence of complexes is caused by the 4T1(G)→6A1(S) transition under 240–500 nm excitation energies. The low excitation energy (~500–300 nm) leads to the (M + X) transition due to the spin-orbit coupling and the spin-flip processes in the [MnX4]2− anion. The EPR spectrum of 1 is characterized by the zero-field splitting with the significant contribution of the spin-orbit spin-flip α→β term. The spin-flip α→β term of 2 is significantly less and this can explain the lower excitation of the luminescence for 2 in the low energy excitation range.

Under higher energies (>300 nm), the [H2DPEphos]2+ cation can absorb the light due to the transitions involving the orbitals of the PH groups connected to the manganese(II) through the PH…X(Mn) bonds. Then the intersystem crossing occurs from the state to the state also containing the PH group orbitals followed by the charge transfer process from [H2DPEphos]2+ cation to [MnX4]2− anion through the PH…X(Mn) bonds. In this case, the two different excitation pathways ((M + X) and →→(M+X) transitions) can take place. The PH…X(Mn) bond plays an important role not only in the charge transfer processes but also in the luminescence quenching processes for both above-mentioned Mn(II) excitation pathways.