| Literature DB >> 34188321 |
Adolfo González-Hadad1,2,3, Carlos A Ordoñez1,4,5, Michael W Parra6, Yaset Caicedo7, Natalia Padilla7, Mauricio Millán5,8, Alberto García1,4,5, Jenny Marcela Vidal-Carpio9,10, Luis Fernando Pino1,2, Mario Alain Herrera1,2, Laureano Quintero1,3, Fabian Hernández1,2, Guillermo Flórez1, Fernando Rodríguez-Holguín4, Alexander Salcedo1,2,3,4, José Julián Serna1,2,3,4, María Josefa Franco4, Ricardo Ferrada2,3, Pradeep H Navsaria11.
Abstract
Definitive management of hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating cardiac injuries remains controversial between those who propose aggressive invasive care versus those who opt for a less invasive or non-operative approach. This controversy even extends to cases of hemodynamically unstable patients in which damage control surgery is thought to be useful and effective. The aim of this article is to delineate our experience in the surgical management of penetrating cardiac injuries via the creation of a clear and practical algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery. We recommend that all patients with precordial penetrating injuries undergo trans-thoracic ultrasound screening as an integral component of their initial evaluation. In those patients who arrive hemodynamically stable but have a positive ultrasound, a pericardial window with lavage and drainage should follow. We want to emphasize the importance of the pericardial lavage and drainage in the surgical management algorithm of these patients. Before this concept, all positive pericardial windows ended up in an open chest exploration. With the coming of the pericardial lavage and drainage procedure, the reported literature and our experience have shown that 25% of positive pericardial windows do not benefit and/or require further invasive procedures. However, in hemodynamically unstable patients, damage control surgery may still be required to control ongoing bleeding. For this purpose, we propose a surgical management algorithm that includes all of these essential clinical aspects in the care of these patients.Entities:
Keywords: Damage Control Surgery; Penetrating cardiac trauma; Thoracic Ultrasound; advanced trauma life support care; cardiac tamponade; chest tubes; death, sudden; hemothora; negative-pressure wound therapy; pericardial window techniques; pericardiectomy; pneumothorax; sternotomy; thoracotomy
Year: 2021 PMID: 34188321 PMCID: PMC8216058 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i2.4519
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) Heart Injury Scale
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| I | Blunt cardiac injury with minor ECG abnormality (nonspecific ST or T wave changes, premature atrial or ventricular contraction or persistent sinus tachycardia) |
| Blunt or penetrating pericardial wound without cardiac injury, cardiac tamponade, or cardiac herniation | |
| II | Blunt cardiac injury with heart block (right or left bundle branch, left anterior fascicular, or atrioventricular) or ischemic changes (ST depression or T wave inversion) without cardiac failure |
| Penetrating tangential myocardial wound up to, but not extending through endocardium, without tamponade | |
| III | Blunt cardiac injury with sustained (>6 beats/min) or multilocal ventricular contractions |
| Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury with septal rupture, pulmonary or tricuspid valvular incompetence, papillary muscle dysfunction, or distal coronary arterial occlusion without cardiac failure | |
| Blunt pericardial laceration with cardiac herniation | |
| Blunt cardiac injury with cardiac failure | |
| IV | Penetrating tangential myocardial wound up to, but extending through, endocardium, with tamponade |
| Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury with septal rupture, pulmonary or tricuspid valvular incompetence, papillary muscle dysfunction, or distal coronary arterial occlusion producing cardiac failure | |
| Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury with aortic mitral valve incompetence | |
| Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury of the right ventricle, right atrium, or left atrium | |
| Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury with proximal coronary arterial occlusion | |
| Blunt or penetrating left ventricular perforation | |
| Stellate wound with < 50% tissue loss of the right ventricle, right atrium, or of left atrium | |
| V | Blunt avulsion of the heart; penetrating wound producing > 50% tissue loss of a chamber |
Figure 1Cardiac Injuries. A. Cardiac injury of the ventricle with perilesional clot but not extending through the endocardium. B. Penetrating cardiac injury extending through the endocardium.
Figure 2Damage control techniques in Cardiac Trauma. A. In cardiac injuries extending through the endocardium a Foley catheter should be inserted into the wound, inflated and gently retracted to achieve hemorrhage control. B. Hemorrhage control with sutures placed parallel to the wound then cross and/or tight. C. Temporal hemorrhage control with skin Stapler.
Figure 3Hemorrhage control with Sauerbruch Grip. If the hemorrhage is so severe that the surgeon is not able to visualize the source, then this grip should be applied to achieve total inflow occlusion by compressing the vena cava at the junction with the right atrium.
Figure 4Surgical techniques in Cardiac Trauma A. Simple suture repair without Teflon pledgets in <5mm ventricular wounds. B. Simple suture repair with Teflon pledgets in older patients with >5mm ventricular wound. C. U-Stitch adjacent to a coronary artery. D. Prompt placement of a Satisnky Clamp for temporal hemorrhage control.
Figure 5Surgical techniques in Cardiac Trauma. A. Continuous Suture Repair of Atrial Wound with a Satinsky clamp. B. Continuous suture repair of >2cm cardiac injury. C. Cardiac Lift for Posterior Injuries, which should be performed carefully and quickly due to potential rhythm disorders, sudden drop in cardiac output or sudden cardiac arrest.
Figure 6Surgical Management Algorithm for Penetrating Precordial Injuries
de la Sociedad Americana de Cirugía de Trauma (AAST) de las Lesiones Cardíacas
| Grado | Descripción |
|---|---|
| I | Lesión cardíaca contusa con cambios electrocardiográficos menores (cambios inespecíficos de la onda ST o T, contracción atrial o ventricular prematura o taquicardia sinusal persistente) |
| Lesión pericárdica contusa o penetrante sin herida cardíaca, taponamiento cardíaco o herniación cardíaca | |
| II | Lesión cardíaca contusa con bloqueo cardíaco (rama derecha o izquierda, fascículo anterior izquierdo o atrioventricular) o cambios isquémicos (descenso ST o inversión onda T) sin falla cardíaca |
| Herida cardíaca penetrante tangencial sin extensión hasta el endocardio, sin taponamiento | |
| III | Lesión cardíaca contusa con contracciones ventriculares sostenidas (>6 latidos/min) o multilocales |
| Lesión cardíaca contusa o penetrante con ruptura septal, incompetencia valvular pulmonar o tricuspídea, disfunción papilar u oclusión distal de arterial coronaria sin falla cardíaca | |
| Laceración pericárdica contusa con herniación cardíaca | |
| Lesión cardíaca contusa con falla cardíaca | |
| IV | Herida cardíaca penetrante tangencial sin extensión hasta el endocardio, con taponamiento |
| Lesión cardíaca contusa o penetrante con ruptura septal, incompetencia valvular pulmonar o tricuspídea, disfunción papilar u oclusión distal de arteria coronaria produciendo falla cardíaca | |
| Lesión cardíaca contusa o penetrante con incompetencia valvular aortica o mitral | |
| Lesión cardíaca contusa o penetrante del ventrículo derecho, atrio derecho o atrio izquierdo | |
| Lesión cardíaca contusa o penetrante con oclusión proximal de arteria coronaria | |
| Perforación contusa o penetrante de ventrículo izquierdo | |
| Herida estrellada con perdida <50% del tejido del ventrículo derecho, atrio derecho o atrio izquierdo | |
| V | Avulsión contusa del corazón; herida penetrante con perdida >50% del tejido de cualquier cámara cardíaca |
Figura 1Heridas Cardiacas. A: Lesión en el ventrículo cardiaco menor sin extensión al endocardio y formación de coagulo perilesional. B: Lesión del ventrículo cardiaco perforante con compromiso del endocardio.
Figura 2Técnicas de Control de Sangrado en Trauma Cardiaco. A. En heridas que comprometen hasta el endocardio, puede ser controlado con la inserción de una sonda Foley y haciendo una leve tracción. B. Técnica de control con el uso de puntos de sutura paralelos y a cada lado de la herida cardiaca que posteriormente se elevan y se cruzan para lograr un control de sangrado. C. Control Temporal con uso de grapas de piel.
Figura 3Control del Sangrado general con la Maniobra de Sauerbruch. Se usa en caso de hemorragia severa y no se visualiza la fuente del sangrado. El cirujano posiciona su tercer dedo posterior a la vena cava y su segundo dedo anterior a esta y realizar compresión interdigital
Figura 4Técnicas de Reparo de Lesión Cardíaca. A. Reparo con Sutura Simple sin Pledget de Teflon se indica en heridas ventriculares < 5 mm. B. Reparo con Sutura Simple con Pledget de Teflon se indica en heridas > 5 mm y paciente mayores. C. Reparo con Punto en U adyacente a vaso coronario se realiza para heridas contiguas a un vaso coronario. D. Colocación temprana de Pinza Satinsky en heridas de aurícula permite el control temporal de la herida.
Figura 5Técnicas de Reparo Cardiaco. A. Reparo en sutura continua sobre trayecto de la herida en aurícula aislada por una pinza de Satinsky. B Reparo sutura continua en caso de heridas mayores a 2 cm. C. Elevación cardiaca se recomienda realizar para descartar heridas posteriores de manera rápida por riesgo de trastornos del ritmo, caída súbita en el gasto o paro cardiaco súbito.
Figura 6Algoritmo manejo quirúrgico para heridas precordiales penetrantes
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| To delineate our experience in the surgical management of penetrating cardiac injuries via the creation of a clear and practical algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| All patients with precordial penetrating injuries should undergo trans-thoracic ultrasound screening as an integral component of their initial evaluation. In those patients who arrive hemodynamically stable but have a positive ultrasound, a pericardial window with lavage and drainage should follow. However, in hemodynamically unstable patients, damage control surgerymay still be required to control ongoing bleeding. |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| We have developed a clinical algorithm that illustrates the five steps involved in the surgical management of patients with penetrating precordial injuries. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de heridas cardíacas penetrantes con la creación de un algoritmo práctico que incluye los principios básicos del control de daños |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| Los pacientes con heridas precordiales penetrantes se les debe realizar un ultrasonido torácico como componente integral de la evaluación inicial. Aquellos que presenten un ultrasonido torácico positivo y se encuentren hemodinámicamente estables se les debe realizar una ventana pericárdica con posterior lavado. Los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables requieren de una cirugía de control de daños para un adecuado y oportuno control del sangrado. |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| Se plantea un algoritmo que ilustra en cinco pasos el manejo quirúrgico de los pacientes con heridas precordiales penetrantes. |