Taccalonolide C-6 Analogues, Including Paclitaxel Hybrids, Demonstrate Improved Microtubule Polymerizing Activities.

The C-22,23-epoxy taccalonolides are microtubule stabilizers that bind covalently to β-tubulin with a high degree of specificity. We semisynthesized and performed biochemical and cellular evaluations on 20 taccalonolide analogues designed to improve target engagement. Most notably, modification of C-6 on the taccalonolide backbone with the C-13 N-acyl-β-phenylisoserine side chain of paclitaxel provided compounds with 10-fold improved potency for biochemical tubulin polymerization as compared to that of the unmodified epoxy taccalonolide AJ. Covalent docking demonstrated that the C-13 paclitaxel side chain occupied a binding pocket adjacent to the core taccalonolide pocket near the M-loop of β-tubulin. Although paclitaxel-taccalonolide hybrids demonstrated improved in vitro biochemical potency, they retained features of the taccalonolide chemotype, including a lag in tubulin polymerization and high degree of cellular persistence after drug washout associated with covalent binding. Together, these data demonstrate that C-6 modifications can improve the target engagement of this covalent class of microtubule drugs without substantively changing their mechanism of action.