Literature DB >> 34065691

Cu-Catalyzed Arylation of Bromo-Difluoro-Acetamides by Aryl Boronic Acids, Aryl Trialkoxysilanes and Dimethyl-Aryl-Sulfonium Salts: New Entries to Aromatic Amides.

Satenik Mkrtchyan1, Michał Jakubczyk1,2, Suneel Lanka1,3, Michael Pittelkow4, Viktor O Iaroshenko1,5,6.   

Abstract

We describe a mechanism-guided discovery of a synthetic methodology that enables the preparation of n class="Chemical">aromatic amides from 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides utilizing a copper-catalyzed direct arylation. Readily available and structurally simple aryl precursors such as aryl boronic acids, aryl trialkoxysilanes and dimethyl-aryl-sulfonium salts were used as the source for the aryl substituents. The scope of the reactions was tested, and the reactions were insensitive to the electronic nature of the aryl groups, as both electron-rich and electron-deficient aryls were successfully introduced. A wide range of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides as either aliphatic or aromatic secondary or tertiary amides were also reactive under the developed conditions. The described synthetic protocols displayed excellent efficiency and were successfully utilized for the expeditious preparation of diverse aromatic amides in good-to-excellent yields. The reactions were scaled up to gram quantities.

Entities:  

Keywords:  C-C-coupling; amides; aryl trialkoxysilanes; boronic acids; catalysis; copper; dimethyl-aryl-sulfonium salts; fluorine

Year:  2021        PMID： 34065691      PMCID： PMC8156957          DOI： 10.3390/molecules26102957

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Molecules        ISSN： 1420-3049            Impact factor:   4.411


1. Introduction

The amide functional group is abundant in peptides and numerous natural products and is also ubiquitous in a vast range of biologically active compounds, mn class="Chemical">arketed drugs, and a broad spectrum of agrochemicals [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The presence of the amide motif or its isosteres condition biological activity of many privileged scaffolds [7]. By recent estimates, almost a quarter of all marketed pharmaceuticals possesses an amide bond, making this functional group the most encountered in medicinal chemistry. Amides are prevalent in advanced materials [7,8], and many life science relevant substances; amides also play pivotal roles in supramolecular chemistry [9,10], molecular recognition [9,10,11], and catalysis [12,13]. The amide functional group can be tuned electronically and conformationally to gain desired structural, physical, and biological properties. The chemistry of amide group is vast, and by its virtue amides can be transformed into many other functional groups [14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Due to the omnipresence and profound importance of the amide functionality, the development of principally new synthetic routes aiming at installation of the amide structural moiety is of current importance in both modern organic and medicinal chemistry. In this context, many new synthetic routes were elaborated [21,22,23,24]. Among those, it is important to mention such game-changing strategy as aminocarbonylations of aryl halides utilizing CO [25,26,27]. One conceptually underexplored strategy to prepare new n class="Chemical">amides was the installation of the amide structural unit by the attaching an appropriate substituent onto the prefunctionalized CO-N structural motif bearing a tuned leaving group on the amide carbon. Analysis of the literature revealed that this tactic has been realized using C-N synthons bearing Cl [28] and CHal3 (Hal = Cl, Br, I) as a leaving group [29,30,31]. These strategies were predominately used for the construction of aromatic amides with different substituents on the nitrogen atom. Another method was developed that is based upon the transition-metal-catalyzed arylation of N-substituted formamides by different aryl-containing reagents, predominantly aryl halides [32,33,34]. Based on a mechanistic consideration, we considered that 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides 1 would be pn class="Chemical">articularly attractive for the formation of aryl-amides by activation using transition-metal catalysis. Combining the halogens in this particular fashion on the trihaloacetamide enables us to harness the attractive features of copper catalysis and fluoride-mediated catalysis. We set out to explore 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides 1 in coupling reactions with aryl boronic acids 2 and (aryl)trialkoxysilanes 3 arylation agents as donors of aryl or heteroaryl substituents (Scheme 1a). We hypothesized (Scheme 1b) that using transition-metal-assisted catalysis, a 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide unit could undergo an oxidative addition on an appropriately tuned by ligands metal nuclei, forming an organometallic intermediate (structure 6) [35,36,37], followed by a rearrangement possibly via a CF2-carbene complex 7, which undergoes loss of difluorocarben and simultaneous exchange of Br versus F giving rise to an organometallic (intermediate 8) capable of undergoing reaction with aryl boronic acids or aryl trialkoxysilanes to deliver a new intermediate (9), which after the reductive elimination would result in the formation of a new C-C bond to yield the desired aryl amide (5). An alternative mechanistic pathway could be via copper-intermediate 11 (Scheme 1c), as a result of the reaction between a fluorinated transition-metal catalyst and an aryl boronic acid (or aryl trialkoxysilane). This species could react with a carbon-centered radical 10 to form the species 9, which then decomposes into the final amide product 5. The formation of the radical species 10 would be unusual from the mechanistic point of view. A similar mechanism has, however, been suggested on the instance of palladium-catalyzed carboxylate-assisted ethoxycarboxylation of aromatic acids by ethyl bromodifluoroacetate in a very recent study [38,39]. It is worth noting that the concept of F versus B(OR)2 (or Si(OR)3) exchange on the copper nuclei, which we are postulating here, was suggested by Giri and Brawn for the mechanism in their copper-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura C-C couplings. These protocols were operational not only for boronic esters, but also for a broad range of trialkoxysilanes [40,41,42]. Based on the assumption of a fluoride-bearing Ar-Cu-F intermediate being active (similar to structure 8), and in a view of the resent literature on copper-supported C-C coupling protocols, we envisioned the use of copper catalysts. We also envisioned the preparation of aromatic amides as a result of the C-C coupling between aryl boronic acids, aryl trialkoxysilanes, or sulphonium salts with 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides according to the general synthetic scenario depicted in the Scheme 1.
Scheme 1

(a) Synthetic scenario, (b,c) Proposed reaction mechanisms.

We first considered the use of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides as a source of the -n class="Chemical">CO-NR2 synthon. The only literature example known to date where ethoxycarboxylation of aromatic acids occurs using ethyl bromodifluoroacetate was described recently by Zhao et al. [38]. Similar access was proposed by Shi and co-workers in an alkoxycarbonylation of benzamides utilizing chloroformates [28]. Trifluoroacetyl amides have been used for the construction of aromatic and aliphatic amides via C(O)-CF3 bond cleavage utilizing the reaction with Grignard reagents [43]. The routes proposed by us utilize commercially or readily available reagents aryl donors and are visibly more atom economic and efficient than those using metalorganic reagents, thus enabling the creation larger amide structural diversities.

2. Results and Discussion

We selected three model reactions and performed a set of trial experiments to identify the trends and generalities depicted in Scheme 2 and Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3. After testing numerous reaction parameters, among which n class="Chemical">are catalysts, ligands, solvents, and bases, we noticed that some of the copper salts in combination with nitrogen-containing ligands (not indicated in the optimization Tables), in particular solvents, facilitate the expected C-C-coupling reaction and thus the formation of the desired aromatic amide. Furthermore, we succeeded in establishing the optimal reaction conditions for synthetic protocols (a) and (b), which were identical and consisted in the use of CuBr2 (0.1 equiv.), KF (2 equiv.), MgCl2 (1 equiv.) with hexafluoropropanol as the solvent, where all reactions were conducted in ACE pressure tubes at 70 °C for 8 h. One crucial aspect appeared to be the addition of calix[4]arene derivatives, which most probably act as ligands for the coper salt. The best efficiency was observed for the corresponding calix[4]arene L1. The magnesium salt, due to the high affinity of Mg2+ towards electron rich fluoride ion (hardness of Mg2+ in terms of the Pearson Hard-Soft acid-base theory), is most probably involved in the activation of one of the C-Hal bonds, like the corresponding C-F bond, by the coordination onto fluorine (where the fluoride ion in turn is a hard base, as per the Pearson Hard-Soft acid-base theory) and formation of the Mg-haloalkane complex [44,45]. The optimized reaction conditions allowed the efficient preparation of the model amide compound 5a in 87% and 90%, respectively (Table 1 and Table 2). This success encouraged further exploration of the scope and limitation of these two new protocols. We set out to test the scope and limitations of these coupling reactions by selecting twenty-two 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides 1 and reacting those with a range of aryl boronic acids 2 (twenty-three different substrates) and aryl trialkoxysilanes 3 (seventeen substrates). In a result of this study, we successfully prepared thirty-one amide derivativities 5 in good-to-excellent yields.
Scheme 2

Model reactions for reaction conditions optimization: (a) Reaction of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoro-N-phenylacetamide with (4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boronic acid, (b) Reaction of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoro-N-phenylacetamide with trimethoxy(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)silane, (c) Reaction of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoro-N-phenylacetamide with dimethyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonium triflate.

Table 1

Optimization of the reaction conditions for synthetic protocol (a).

Reaction (a) b
EntryReagent (Equiv)/Catalyst/Ligand/AdditiveSolvent/Temperature/TimeYield (%) 5a a
1boronic acid (1.5)/CuI (0.1)/KF (2.0)DMF/100 °C/12 h0
2boronic acid (1.5)/CuBr2 (0.1)/KF (2.0)DMF/100 °C/12 hTrace
3boronic acid (1.5)/CuI (0.1)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h12
4boronic acid (1.5)/CuI (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h38
5boronic acid (1.5)/CuF2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h49
6boronic acid (1.5)/CuCl2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h67
7boronic acid (1.5)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h88
8 boronic acid (1.3)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0) (CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h 87
9boronic acid (1.3)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)DMF/70 °C/8 h11
10boronic acid (1.3)/CuBr2 (0.1)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h18
11boronic acid (1.3)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h0
12boronic acid (1.3)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h27
13boronic acid (1.3)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)/TEMPO (2.0)CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h75
14boronic acid (1.3)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)/TEMPO (3.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h60
15boronic acid (1.3)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)—in dark(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h84

a Isolated yield. b All reactions were conducted in inert atmosphere.

Table 2

Optimization of the reaction conditions for synthetic protocol (b).

Reaction (b) b
EntryReagent (Equiv)/Catalyst/Ligand/AdditiveSolvent/Temperature/TimeYield (%) 5a a
1 aryl trialkoxysilane (1.4)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0) (CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h 90
2aryl trialkoxysilane (1.4)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)DMF/70 °C/8 h22
3aryl trialkoxysilane (1.4)/CuBr2 (0.1)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h21
4aryl trialkoxysilane (1.4)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h0
5aryl trialkoxysilane (1.4)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h25
6aryl trialkoxysilane (1.4)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)/TEMPO (2.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h72
7aryl trialkoxysilane (1.4)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)/TEMPO (3.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h58
8aryl trialkoxysilane (1.4)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)—in dark(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/8 h91

a Isolated yield. b All reactions were conducted at room temperature in inert atmosphere.

Table 3

Optimization of the reaction conditions for synthetic protocol (c).

Reaction (c) b
EntryReagent (Equiv)/Catalyst/Ligand/AdditiveSolvent/Temperature/TimeYield (%) 5a a
1sulphonium salt (1.4)/CuBr2 (0.1)/L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h47
2sulphonium salt (2)/CuCl2 (0.1), /L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 hTrace
3sulphonium salt (2)/CuI (0.1), /L1 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 hTrace
4sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), Pd(OAc)2 (0.2)/L1 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h17
5sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h29
6sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), PdCl2 (0.2)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h48
7sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), Pd(OAc)2 (0.2)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/12 h53
8 sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0) (CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/11 h 84
9sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/11 h27
10sulphonium salt (1.6)/[Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/11 h0
11sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/11 h18
12sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)/TEMPO (2.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/11 h69
13sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)/TEMPO (3.0)(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/11 h55
14sulphonium salt (1.6)/CuBr2 (0.3), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2)/L2 (0.25)/KF (2.0), MgCl2 (1.0)—in dark(CF3)2CHOH/70 °C/11 h86

a Isolated yield. b All reactions were conducted at room temperature in inert atmosphere.

Focusing first on the reactions utilizing n class="Chemical">aryl boronic acids and aryl trialkoxysilanes, these synthetic protocols were tolerant to numerous functional groups placed on both coupling partners. In particular, both methodologies allowed the coupling of aryl substrates bearing a vast range of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents placed in ortho-, meta-, and para- positions, respectively; among those are alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, Ph, halogens including fluorine, as well as CF3, CF3O, and CF3S groups. Substrates bearing 1-naphthyl, 1-thiophenyl, and 3-pyridyl moieties also showed excellent efficiency with some discrepancy for the formation of the thionyl derivative 5n (Scheme 3). Interestingly, both protocols were operational for aryl substrates bearing diverse ortho substituents (Me, F, Cl, Br, CF3, CF3O). Of note, highly fluorinated boronic acids and aryl trialkoxysilanes were prone to enter those protocols readily delivering the corresponding amides 5g, 5o, 5q. Regarding the reactivity of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide counterparts 1, we did not observe any influence on the reaction efficiency of the substituents placed on the amide nitrogen—both alkyl and aryl groups as well as mixed derivatives exerted excellent tolerability within the developed protocols (Scheme 3). These reactions were not affected by changing a substitution pattern on the 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides: Species with alkyl as well as aryl substituents on the amide motif were equally effective within both synthetic protocols (Scheme 2). To further demonstrate the synthetic utility of these methodologies, the gram-scale reactions were successfully performed using 10 mmol of the 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides, which yielded the expected products in high yields.
Scheme 3

(a) Reactions of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoro-acetamides with aryl boronic acid, (b) Reactions of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoro-acetamides with aryl trialkoxysilanes, (c) Reactions of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoro-acetamides with dimethyl-aryl-sulfonium triflates. Product scope of amides using developed synthetic protocols.

To the general scope and limitations, it is also important to note: (1) Within both described syntactic protocols we tried numerous other N-substituted and N-unsubstituted derivatives of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetic acid, for instance: 2-n class="Chemical">bromo-2,2-difluoroethane-thioamides, 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetimidamides, 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetohydrazonamides; all these substrates were not prone to enter the developed arylation protocols; (2) Aryl pinacol borates as well as aryl trifluoroborates in the form of potassium salts act as arylation agents in the frames of both synthetic protocols (2 and 4 examples respectively, Scheme 3); (3) 2,2-Difluoro-2-iodoacetamides exerted similar activity as the corresponding bromo derivatives (2 examples, Scheme 3). As the final accord of this work, we turned our attention to aryl sulphonium salts 4. These n class="Chemical">are donors of aryl groups and are often considered as equivalents of aryl halides, possessing low reduction potentials [46,47,48]. We assumed that those species might have capacity to enter the title synthetic protocol (Scheme 2c). These compounds did not react well under previously optimized reaction conditions, where the model compound 5a was obtained in 47% yield (Table 3, Entry 1). Thus, we embarked once more on the search for new operational reaction conditions for the model reaction. It is worthwhile to note that in the case of this reaction, we had to increase the amount of copper salt to 0.3 equiv. and add 0.2 equiv. of [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2, which was superior to other TM co-catalysts (Table 3). Finally, by employing CuBr2 (0.3 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2 equiv.), KF (2 equiv.), MgCl2 (1 equiv.) and 0.25 equiv. of calix[5]arene derivative (L2), in hexafluoropropanol, the model amide 5a was prepared in 84% yield. Further study of the scope resulted in the preparation of ten amides in total (Scheme 3c). To gain the insight to the reaction mechanism, we performed several control experiments: (a) Reactions without addition of calixarenes; (b) reactions without n class="Chemical">CuBr2 and MgCl2; (c) reactions in the dark and (d) reactions with 2 equiv. and 3 equiv. of TEMPO, which led to the modest decrease of the yield of title model amid compound. All these experiments are depicted in the Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.

3. Materials and Methods

Commercially available starting materials, reagents, catalysts, anhydrous, and degassed solvents were used without further purification. Flash column chromatography was performed with Merck n class="Chemical">Silica gel 60 (230–400 mesh). The solvents for column chromatography were distilled before the use. Thin layer chromatography was carried out using Merck TLC Silica gel 60 F254 and visualized by short-wavelength ultraviolet light or by treatment with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) stain. 1H, 13C, and 19F-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 250 and 500 MHz at 20 °C. All H-NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (ppm) downfield of TMS and were measured relative to the signals for CHCl3 (7.26 ppm) and DMSO (2.50 ppm). All 13C{1H}-NMR spectra were reported in ppm relative to residual CHCl3 (77.00 ppm) or DMSO (39.70 ppm) and were obtained with 1H decoupling. Coupling constants, J, are reported in Hertz (Hz). Gas chromatographic analyses was performed on Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer GCMS-QP2010 Ultra instrument. The optimal reaction conditions were identified by microscale high-†hroughput experimentation screening. Parallel synthesis was accomplished in an Mn class="Chemical">Braun glovebox operating with a constant Ar-purge (oxygen and water <5 ppm). Screening reactions were carried out in 10 mL vials using suitable heating blocks. Liquid chemicals were dosed using gas tight micro syringes. Isolation of obtained compounds was achieved by column chromatography on Silica gel. All used boronic acids 2 and some n class="Chemical">aryl trialkoxysilanes 3 are commercially available and were purchased from appropriate vendors. 2-Bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57], 1, 2-iodo-2,2-difluoroacetamides [54], aryl trialkoxysilanes 3 [58,59,60,61,62,63,64], sulfonium salts 4 [65,66,67], and calixarenes L1, L2 [68,69] are known compounds in the literature and were prepared according to the known literature, and the spectral data are identical with the corresponding literature. Copies 1H and 13C-NMR spectra are placed in Supplementary Materials. General procedure for the synthesis of amides Under inert atmosphere (glovebox operating with a constant Ar-purge), to an 18 mL ACE pressure tube equipped with a stir bn class="Chemical">ar, consequently, an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide (1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid (1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), and finally CuBr2 (0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.) were placed; then the hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL) was added and the reaction vessel was properly capped by Teflon stopper. Finally, the reaction vessel was removed from the glovebox and subjected to heating under vigorous stirring for 8 h. The progress of the reaction was controlled by TLC. After completion, the reaction mixture was evaporated until it reached dryness using a rotary evaporator, the content of the flask was generously treated with distilled water, filtered, and finally properly dried in vacuum. The resulting crude was directly subjected to gradient flash chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to isolate the desired amide derivative. The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting n class="Chemical">2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide. General procedure for the synthesis of amides Under inert atmosphere (glovebox operating with a constant Ar-purge), to an 18 mL ACE pressure tube equipped with a stir bn class="Chemical">ar, an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide (1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane (1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), and finally CuBr2 (0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.) was consequently placed; then the hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL) was added and the reaction vessel was properly capped by Teflon stopper. Finally, the reaction vessel was removed from the glovebox and subjected to heating under vigorous stirring for 8 h. The progress of the reaction was controlled by TLC. After completion, the reaction mixture was evaporated until it reached dryness using a rotary evaporator, the content of the flask was generously treated with distilled water, filtered, and finally properly dried in vacuum. The resulting crude was directly subjected to gradient flash chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to isolate the desired amide derivative. The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting n class="Chemical">2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide. General procedure for the synthesis of amides Under inert atmosphere (glovebox operating with a constant Ar-purge), to an 18 mL ACE pressure equipped with a stir bn class="Chemical">ar, an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide (1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt (1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), and finally CuBr2 (0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.) was consequently placed; then the hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL) was added and the reaction vessel was properly capped by Teflon stopper. Finally, the reaction vessel was removed from the glovebox and subjected to heating under vigorous stirring for 11 h. The progress of the reaction was controlled by TLC. After completion, the reaction mixture was evaporated until it reached dryness using rotary evaporator, the content of the flask was generously treated with distilled water, filtered, and finally properly dried in vacuum. The resulting crude was directly subjected to gradient flash chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to isolate the desired amide derivative. The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide. The title compound was prepared, stn class="Chemical">arting with 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a (250 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl boronic acid 2n (247 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5a (231 mg, 0.87 mmol, 87%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a and the amide 5a was prepared in 80% yield (2.12 g, 8 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared starting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a (250 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3k (372 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5a (239 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a and the amide 5a was prepared in 77% yield (2.04 g, 7.7 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a (250 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4a (584 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5a (222 mg, 0.84 mmol, 84%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a and the amide 5a was prepared in 79% yield (2.09 g, 7.9 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a (250 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate potassium trifluoro(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate (328 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5a (228 mg, 0.86 mmol, 86%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a and the amide 5a was prepared in 73% yield (1.93 g, 7.3 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a (250 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (354 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5a (222 mg, 0.84 mmol, 84%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a and the amide 5a was prepared in 73% yield (1.93 g, 7.3 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2,2-difluoro-2-iodo-N-phenylacetamide (297 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2n (247 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5a (222 mg, 0.84 mmol, 84%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a and the amide 5a was prepared in 76% yield (2.01 g, 7.6 mmol). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 3:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 184–185 °C. (500 MHz, DMSO-d): δ 7.12 (t, n class="Chemical">1H, 3J = 7.3 Hz, CHAr), 7.37 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.3 Hz, CHAr), 7.80 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.6 Hz, CHAr), 7.89 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2 Hz, CHAr), 8.16 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1 Hz, CHAr), 10.5 (s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d): δ 120.5, 123.9 (q, 1J = 273.8 Hz, CF3), 124.0, 125.4 (d, J = 3.1 Hz), 128.6, 128.7, 131.4 (q, 2J = 30.3 Hz, n class="Chemical">CCF3), 138.8 (d, J = 11.3 Hz), 164.4. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C14H11NOF3 (M+H) 266.0809. Found 266.0793. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1e (300 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2a (231 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5b (245 mg, 0.81 mmol, 81%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1e (300 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3a (414 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5b (242 mg, 0.80 mmol, 80%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1e (300 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4h (312 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5b (233 mg, 0.77 mmol, 77%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 3:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 146–147 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.38 (s, 9H, n class="Chemical">tBu), 7.46–7.51 (m, 5H, CHAr), 7.72 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.4 Hz, CHAr), 7.87–7.90 (m, 3H, CHAr), 7.92 (s, 1H, CHAr), 7.97 (br. s, 1H, CHAr), 8.33 (s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 31.2, 35.0, 120.79, 120.80, 121.2, 125.7, 125.9, 126.3, 127.1, 127.5, 127.51, 128.7, 131.9, 132.5, 134.1. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C21H22NO (M + H) 304.1707. Found 304.1701. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1d (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2r (268 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5c (245 mg, 0.83 mmol, 83%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1d (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3n (395 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.) CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5c (257 mg, 0.87 mmol, 87%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 5:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 94–95 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.30 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, Me), 7.12–7.15 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.21–7.24 (m, 2H, CHAr), 7.40 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.1 Hz, CHAr), 7.50 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.9 Hz, CHAr), 7.74–7.78 (m, 3H, CHAr), 7.81 (br s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 17.8, 120.1, 120.4 (q, 1J = 258.6 Hz), 123.6, 124.1, 125.1, 125.9, 126.8, 130.0, 130.2, 130.6, 135.2, 137.0, 149.5, 164.2. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H13NO2F3 (M + H) 296.0901. Found 296.0898. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1j (286 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2b (177 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5d (217 mg, 0.88 mmol, 88%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1j (286 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3b (297 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5d (207 mg, 0.84 mmol, 84%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 4:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 106–107 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.41 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, Me), 6.85–6.90 (m, 2H, CHAr), 7.35–7.36 (m, 2H, CHAr), 7.63–7.65 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.68 (s, 1H, CHAr), 8.02 (br s, 1H, NH), 8.29–8.33 (m, 1H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 21.4, 103.4 (d, J = 26.5 Hz), 103.6 (d, J = 26.5 Hz), 111.2 (dd, J = 21.7 Hz, J = 3.6 Hz), 122.6 (dd, J = 10.5 Hz, J = 3.7 Hz), 123.1 (d, J = 9.3 Hz), 124.0, 127.8, 128.6, 132.9, 134.1, 138.7, 152.9 (dd, 1J = 246.4 Hz, J = 11.9 Hz), 158.6 (dd, 1J = 246.5 Hz, J = 11.4 Hz), 165.7. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C14H12NOF2 (M + H) 248.0894. Found 248.0898. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1g (310 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2a (203 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5e (242 mg, 0.83 mmol, 83%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1g (310 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3i (326 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5e (239 mg, 0.82 mmol, 82%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 4:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Light purple, solid mp 127–128 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.79 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, OMe), 3.83 (s, 3H, OMe), 6.77 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.4 Hz, CHAr), 7.02 (dd, 1H, 3J = 8.7 Hz, 4J = 2.1 Hz, CHAr), 7.32 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.9 Hz, CHAr), 7.36–7.37 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.44 (dd, 1H, 3J = 8.0 Hz, 4J = 1.0 Hz, CHAr). 7.70 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.0 Hz, CHAr), 7.81 (s, 1H, CHAr), 8.26 (s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 55.7, 55.9, 105.2, 111.1, 112.6, 125.1, 127.3, 129.9, 131.1, 131.6, 134.7, 136.6, 146.1, 148.8, 164.5. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H15NO3Cl (M + H) 292.0738. Found 292.0740. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a (250 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2w (198 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5f (207 mg, 0.91 mmol, 91%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a (250 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3j (378 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5f (200 mg, 0.88 mmol, 88%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1a (250 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4b (410 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5f (204 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 4:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 116–117 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.78 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, OMe), 7.02 (dd, 1H, 3J = 8.2 Hz, 4J = 2.5 Hz, CHAr), 7.13 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.5 Hz, CHAr), 7.28–7.40 (m, 5H, CHAr), 7.64 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9 Hz, CHAr), 8.23 (s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 55.3, 112.3, 117.9, 118.8, 120.3, 124.5, 128.9, 129.6, 136.3, 137.9, 159.8, 165.8. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C14H14NO2 (M + H) 228.1025. Found 228.1025. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1c (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2p (270 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5g (267 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 5:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 121–122 °C. (500 MHz, DMSO-d): δ 2.31 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, Me), 6.94 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.4 Hz, CHAr), 7.24 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.2 Hz, CHAr), 7.56 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.3 Hz, CHAr), 7.60 (s, 1H, CHAr), 8.33–8.36 (m, 2H, CHAr), 10.36 (s, 1H, NH), -NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d): δ 21.2, 116.5 (dd, J = 33.5 Hz, J = 12.1 Hz), 117.5 (d, J = 20.8 Hz), 117.7, 121.1, 122.4 (q, 1J = 272.3 Hz, CF3), 124.8, 126.9, 128.5, 131.7 (d, J = 3.1 Hz), 135.1 (d, J = 9.4 Hz), 137.9, 138.7, 160.6 (d, 1J = 257.0 Hz), 163.0. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H12NOF4 (M + H) 298.0861. Found 298.0855. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1b (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2q (268 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5h (218 mg, 0.74 mmol, 74%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1b (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3m (395 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5h (221 mg, 0.75 mmol, 75%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 5:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 108–109 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.35 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, Me), 7.18 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0 Hz, CHAr), 7.32 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.0 Hz, CHAr), 7.42 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.5 Hz, CHAr), 7.51–7.55 (m, 3H, CHAr), 8.04 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.7 Hz, CHAr), 8.30 (s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 20.9, 120.3 (q, 1J = 261.0 Hz, n class="Chemical">OCF3), 120.4, 121.2, 127.6, 128.3, 129.6, 131.9, 132.6, 134.6, 135.0, 145.7, 162.1. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H13NO3F3 (M + H) 312.0847. Found 312.0848. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1f (280 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2q (268 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5i (239 mg, 0.77 mmol, 77%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1f and the amide 5i was prepared in 63% yield (1.96 g, 0.63 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1f (280 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialckoxysilane 3m (395 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5i (224 mg, 0.72 mmol, 72%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 6:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Pink solid, mp 117–118 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.81 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, OMe), 6.88–6.92 (m, 2H, CHAr), 7.32 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.2 Hz, CHAr), 7.42 (dt, 1H, 3J = 7.6 Hz, 4J = 0.7 Hz, CHAr), 7.51–7.54 (m, 3H, CHAr), 8.02 (dd, 1H, 3J = 7.8 Hz, 4J = 1.7 Hz, CHAr), 8.25 (s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 55.5, 114.2, 120.3 (q, 1J = 260.4 Hz, n class="Chemical">OCF3), 121.2, 122.2, 127.6, 128.3, 130.6, 131.8, 132.5, 145.7, 156.8, 162.1. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H13NO2F3 (M + H) 296.0904. Found 296.0898. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1c (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2o (247 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5j (239 mg, 0.65 mmol, 65%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1c (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3m (372 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5j (224 mg, 0.67 mmol, 67%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 5:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 120–121 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.35 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, Me), 6.98 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.57 Hz, CHAr), 7.22 (t, 1H, 3J = 8.1 Hz, CHAr), 7.33 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.6 Hz, CHAr), 7.44 (s, 1H, CHAr), 7.54–7.57 (m, 3H, CHAr), 7.69–7.71 (m, 3H, NH, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 21.4, 117.3, 120.8, 123.7 (q, 1J = 276.1 Hz, CF3), 125.7, 126.4 (q, J = 5.2 Hz, CF3), 127.1 (q, 2J = 31.5 Hz, n class="Chemical">CCF3), 128.5, 128.9, 130.0, 132.1, 135.7, 137.4, 139.0, 165.7. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H13NOF3 (M + H) 280.0957. Found 280.0949. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1h (285 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2c (177 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5k (172 mg, 0.70 mmol, 70%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1h (285 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3c (297 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5k (182 mg, 0.74 mmol, 74%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 3:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 136–138 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.41 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, Me), 7.17 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.2 Hz, CHAr), 7.20 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.2 Hz, CHAr), 7.25 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz, CHAr), 7.31 (dt, 2H, 3J = 7.6 Hz, 4J = 0.8 Hz, CHAr), 7.36 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.2 Hz, CHAr), 7.50 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.4 Hz, CHAr), 7.87 (br s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 19.7, 121.2, 125.8, 126.6, 129.0, 129.4, 130.3, 131.2, 135.9, 136.3, 136.5, 168.2. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C14H13NOCl (M + H) 246.0690. Found 246.0686. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1g (310 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2m (261 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5l (185 mg, 0.55 mmol, 55%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate 2:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Purple solid, mp 140–141 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.83 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, OMe), 3.84 (s, 3H, OMe), 6.79 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.7 Hz, CHAr), 7.00 (dd, 1H, 3J = 8.4 Hz, 4J = 2.6 Hz, CHAr), 7.22–7.26 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.29–7.32 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.41 (d, 1H, 4J = 2.3 Hz, CHAr), 7.51 (dd, 1H, 3J = 7.6 Hz, 4J = 1.6 Hz, CHAr), 7.55 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.3 Hz, CHAr), 7.96 (s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 55.8, 56.0, 104.8, 111.2, 112.0, 119.2, 127.5, 129.4, 131.2, 131.4, 133.3, 137.7, 146.0, 148.9, 165.5. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H15NO3Br (M + H) 266.0809. Found 266.0793. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1i (268 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2t (160 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5m (173 mg, 0.80 mmol, 80%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1i (268 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3o (277 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5m (166 mg, 0.77 mmol, 77%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 1:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 130–131 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.02 (t, n class="Chemical">2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz, CHAr), 7.34–7.37 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.55–7.58 (m, 2H, CHAr), 8.15 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.3 Hz, CHAr), 8.66 (dd, 1H, 3J = 4.7 Hz, 4J = 1.4 Hz, CHAr), 8.80 (s, 1H, NH), 9.03 (s, 1H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 115.7 (d, J = 22.2 Hz), 122.5 (d, J = 7.0 Hz), 123.7, 130.6, 133.5, 135.6, 147.9, 152.2, 159.7 (d, 1J = 244.1 Hz), 164.1. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H12NOF3Na (M + Na) 302.0769. Found 302.0769. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1c (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2u (166 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5n (154 mg, 0.71 mmol, 71%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1c (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3p (286 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5n (169 mg, 0.78 mmol, 78%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1c (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4c (470 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5n (174 mg, 0.80 mmol, 80%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 6:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Brownish solid, mp 160–161 °C. (500 MHz, n class="Chemical">CDCl3): δ 2.32 (s, 3H, Me), 6.94 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.8 Hz, CHAr), 7.01–7.08 (m, 1H, Thiophene), 7.21 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.8 Hz, CHAr), 7.39 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.1 Hz, CHAr), 7.47 (s, 1H, CHAr), 7.51 (d, 1H, 3J = 4.8 Hz, Thiophene), 7.64 (d, 1H, 3J = 3.6 Hz, Thiophene). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 21.4, 117.4, 121.0, 125.4, 127.8, 128.4, 128.8, 130.7, 137.5, 138.9, 139.4, 160.1. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C12H12NOS (M + H) 240.1394. Found 218.0640. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1k (216 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2g (205 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5o (238 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1k (216 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3g (386 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5o (233 mg, 0.88 mmol, 88%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 8:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 105–106 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.14 (d, n class="Chemical">6H, 3J = 6.2 Hz, Me), 4.08 (m, 1H, CH), 7.49–7.54 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.73–7374 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.87–7.91 (m, 1H, CHAr), 8.32 (d, 1H, 3J = 6.8 Hz, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 22.2, 41.3, 116.6 (d, J = 18.3 Hz), 117.3 (d, J = 17.5 Hz), 124.7 (m), 132.2 (m), 149.1 (dd, 1J = 247.3 Hz, 1J = 12.3 Hz), 151.2 (dd, 1J = 250.2 Hz, 1J = 12.3 Hz), 163.0. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C13H19NOCl (M + H) 240.1157. Found 240.1155. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1l (258 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2j (203 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5p (263 mg, 0.91 mmol, 91%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1l (258 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3h (326 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5p (266 mg, 0.92 mmol, 92%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 8:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 129–130 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.15 (s, n class="Chemical">6H, Me), 1.48 (s, 6H, Me), 3.58 (m, 2H, 2xCH), 7.24 (dt, 2H, 3J = 8.5 Hz, 4J = 2.0 Hz, CHAr), 7.34 (dt, 2H, 3J = 8.3 Hz, 4J = 1.7 Hz, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 20.7, 127.1, 128.7, 134.6, 137.2, 169.9. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C13H19NOCl (M + H) 240.1157. Found 240.1155. Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1l (258 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2h (229 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5q (215 mg, 0.83 mmol, 83%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 11:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 48–50 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.10 (m, n class="Chemical">6H, 2xMe), 1.50 (s, 3H, Me), 1.52 (s, 3H, Me), 3.50–3.53 (m, 1H, NCH), 3.65–3.68 53 (m, 1H, NCH), 6.97–7.00 (m, 2H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 20.5 (m), 46.2, 51.3, 112.9 (dd, J = 18.0 Hz, J = 3.3 Hz), 121.3 (m), 124.3 (dd, J = 16.4 Hz, J = 2.2 Hz), 139.7 (n class="Chemical">dt, 1J = 253.7 Hz, J = 15.2 Hz), 147.2 (ddd, 1J = 249.8 Hz, J = 10.9 Hz, J = 3.1 Hz), 151.2 (ddd, 1J = 251.3 Hz, J = 9.8 Hz, J = 2.4 Hz), 163.5. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C13H17NOF3 (M + H) 260.1262. Found 260.1262. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1p (258 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2i (203 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5r (188 mg, 0.85 mmol, 85%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1p (258 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate potassium trifluoro(2-fluorophenyl)borate (263 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5r (192 mg, 0.87 mmol, 87%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 10:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 45–46 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.19–1.29 (m, n class="Chemical">3H, Cy), 1.36–1.46 (m, 2H, Cy), 1.58–1.62 (m, 1H, Cy), 1.69–1.73 (m, 2H, Cy), 1.98–2.01 (m, 2H, Cy), 3.98–4.00 (m, 1H, Cy), 6.61 (s, 1H, NH), 7.04–7.08 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.19–7.22 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.38–7.42 (m, 1H, CHAr), 8.03 (dd, 1H, 3J = 7.9 Hz, 4J = 1.8 Hz, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 24.7, 25.5, 32.9, 48.5, 115.8 (d, J = 23.6 Hz), 121.5 (d, J = 11.0 Hz), 124.6 (d, J = 2.7 Hz), 131.9, 133.0 (d, J = 9.0 Hz), 160.4 (d, 1J = 246.0 Hz, CF), 162.1 (d, J = 2.4 Hz). HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C13H17NOF (M + H) 222.1294. Found 222.1294. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1o (270 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2e (257 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5s (255 mg, 0.87 mmol, 87%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1o (270 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3e (442 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5s (243 mg, 0.83 mmol, 83%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 8:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 105 - 106 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.07–1.09 (m, n class="Chemical">2H, Cy), 1.47–1.56 (m, 4H, Cy), 1.72–1.82 (m, 4H, Cy), 2.83, 3.00 (s, 3H, Me cis/trans), 3.54, 4.51 (s, 1H, Cy cis/trans), 7.33–7.36 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.42–7.45 (m, 4H, CHAr), 7.60–7.61 (m, 4H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 25.0, 25.3, 25.4, 27.4, 29.4, 29.5, 30.7, 31.9, 52.7, 58.1, 126.5 126.7, 126.9, 127.1, 127.2, 127.5, 128.7, 135.8, 140.1, 141.8, 171.4. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C20H24NO (M + H) 294.1856. Found 294.1858. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1u (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2w (198 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5t (217 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1u (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3j (378 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5t (210 mg, 0.87 mmol, 87%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1u (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4b (410 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.17 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5t (202 mg, 0.84 mmol, 84%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1u (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate potassium trifluoro(3-methoxyphenyl)borate (278 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5t (193 mg, 0.80 mmol, 80%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1u (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (304 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5t (200 mg, 0.83 mmol, 83%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate N-benzyl-2,2-difluoro-2-iodoacetamide (311 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2w (198 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5t (210 mg, 0.87 mmol, 87%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 7:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 77–78 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.36 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, Me), 4.60 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.6 Hz, CH2), 6.78 (br s, 1H, NH), 7.26–7.33 (m, 7H, CHAr), 7.57 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.2 Hz, CHAr), 7.63 (s, 1H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 21.2, 43.9, 123.9, 127.4, 127.7, 127.8, 128.3, 128.6, 132.1, 134.2, 138.3, 167.6. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H16NO (M + H) 226.1234. Found 226.1232. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1n (332 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2n (247 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5u (312 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1n (332 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3k (372 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5u (312 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1n (332 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4a (584 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5u (281 mg, 0.81 mmol, 81%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 8:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 195–196 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 0.97 (tq, n class="Chemical">1H, 3J = 13.4 Hz, 4J = 2.9 Hz, Cy), 1.22 (dq, 2H, 3J = 12.9 Hz, 4J = 2.9 Hz, Cy), 1.45 (d, 2H, 3J = 12.4 Hz, Cy), 1.61 (d, 1H, 3J = 13.3 Hz, Cy), 1.78 (d, 2H, 3J = 13.3 Hz, Cy), 1.96 (d, 2H, 3J = 11.1 Hz, Cy), 4.72 (s, 1H, Cy), 7.00 (d, 2H, 3J = 6.9 Hz, CHAr), 7.19–7.20 (m, 3H, CHAr), 7.31 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.3 Hz, CHAr), 7.36 (d, 2H, 3J = 6.9 Hz, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 25.3, 25.8, 31.5, 55.3, 123.7 (q, 1J = 271.2 Hz, CF3), 124.6, 127.8, 128.3, 128.6, 130.4 (q, 2J = 28.0 Hz, n class="Chemical">CCF3), 130.6, 139.2, 140.8, 169.1. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C20H21NOF3 (M + H) 348.1581. Found 348.1575. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1q (308 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2n (247 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5v (281 mg, 0.87 mmol, 87%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1q (308 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3k (372 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5v (291 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1q (308 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate potassium trifluoro(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate (328 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5v (271 mg, 0.84 mmol, 84%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 12:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 158–159 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.70 (s, n class="Chemical">6H, Adam), 2.11 (s, 9H, Adam), 5.91 (s, 1H, NH), 7.61 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.6 Hz, CHAr), 7.78 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9 Hz, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 29.4, 36.2, 41.5, 52.6, 123.7 (q, 1J = 273.6 Hz, CF3), 125.4 (m), 127.2, 132.6 (q, 2JCF = 31.1 Hz, n class="Chemical">CCF3), 139.3. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C18H21NOF3 (M + H) 324.1583. Found 324.1575. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1r (214 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2k (203 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5w (127 mg, 0.65 mmol, 65%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1r (214 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3i (326 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5w (125 mg, 0.64 mmol, 64%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1r (214 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4d (516 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5w (113 mg, 0.58 mmol, 58%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 7:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 142—143 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 0.83–0.86 (m, n class="Chemical">2H, CH2), 1.06–1.09 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.48- 1.53 (m, 1H, CH), 7.04 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.9 Hz, CHAr), 7.20 (t, 1H, 3J = 8.7 Hz, CHAr), 7.32 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.9 Hz, CHAr), 7.63 (br. s, 1H, CHAr), 7.74 (s, 1H, NH). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.2, 15.7, 17.7, 19.9, 124.0, 129.9, 134.6, 139.2, 172.3. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C10H11NOCl (M + H) 196.0532. Found 196.0529. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1s (228 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2e (257 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5x (326 mg, 0.91 mmol, 91%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1s (228 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3e (442 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5x (223 mg, 0.89 mmol, 89%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1s (228 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4e (582 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5x (206 mg, 0.82 mmol, 82%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 8:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 139–140 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.86 (m, n class="Chemical">4H, Pyrr), 3.39 (s, 2H, Pyrr), 3.58 (s, 2H, Pyrr), 7.34 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.7 Hz, CHAr), 7.43 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.7 Hz, CHAr), 7.57 – 7.59 (m, 6H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 24.3, 26.3, 46.1, 49.5, 126.7, 127.0, 127.6, 128.7, 135.8, 140.1, 142.4, 169.3. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C17H18NO (M + H) 252.1391. Found 252.1388. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1t (278 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2d (224 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5y (228 mg, 0.83 mmol, 83%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1t and the amide 5y was prepared in 78% yield (2.15 g, 7.8 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1t (278 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3d (347 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5y (212 mg, 0.77 mmol, 77%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1t and the amide 5y was prepared in 70% yield (1.93 g, 7 mmol). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 5:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 117–118 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.00 (t, n class="Chemical">2H, 3J = 6.1 Hz, CH2), 3.80 (q, 2H, 3J = 7.2 Hz, CH2), 6.13 (s, 1H, NH), 7.27–7.28 (m, 3H, CHAr), 7.33–7.37 (m, 2H, CHAr), 7.40–7.43 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.48–7.54 (m, 3H, CHAr), 7.86–7.88 (m, 1H, CHAr), 7.89 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.0 Hz, CHAr), 8.20–8.22 (m, 1H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 35.6, 41.0, 124.6, 124.85, 125.3, 126.3, 126.5, 127.0, 128.2, 128.7, 128.8, 130.0, 130.4, 133.6, 134.5, 138.7. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C19H18NO (M + H) 276.1396. Found 276.1388. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1u (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2k (203 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5z (209 mg, 0.85 mmol, 85%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1u (264 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3i (372 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5z (194 mg, 0.79 mmol, 79%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 2:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Yellowish solid, mp 93–94 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 4.57 (d, n class="Chemical">2H, 3J = 5.5 Hz, CH2), 6.77 (s, 1H, NH), 7.27–7.35 (m, 6H, CHAr), 7.44 (dd, 1H, 3J = 8.0 Hz, 4J = 1.0 Hz, CHAr), 7.64 (d, 1H, 3J = 8.0 Hz, CHAr), 7.77 (d, 1H, 4J = 1.8 Hz, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 44.1, 125.1, 127.3, 127.6, 127.8, 128.7, 129.8, 131.5, 134.7, 136.1, 137.8, 166.1. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C14H13NOCl (M + H) 246.0686. Found 246.0686. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1v (282 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2l (203 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5aa (189 mg, 0.72 mmol, 72%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1v (282 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4f (516 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5aa (158 mg, 0.60 mmol, 60%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1v (282 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate potassium (2-chlorophenyl)trifluoroborate (283 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5aa (181 mg, 0.69 mmol, 69%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 4:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 119–120 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.36 (s, n class="Chemical">3H, Me), 4.46 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.7 Hz, CH2), 6.40 (s, 1H, NH), 6.97 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz, CHAr), 7.11–7.17 (m, 2H, CHAr), 7.23–7.28 (m, 4H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 19.7, 42.9, 115.4 (d, J = 22.0 Hz), 125.6, 126.6, 129.3 (d, J = 8.9 Hz), 129.9, 130.9, 134.1 (d, J = 2.3 Hz), 136.0 (d, J = 2.7 Hz), 126.1 (d, 1J = 243.3 Hz), 169.9. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C15H15NOF (M + H) 244.1143. Found 244.1138. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (354 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2f (174 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ab (290 mg, 0.91 mmol, 91%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m and the amide 5ab was prepared in 83% yield (2.65 g, 8.3 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (354 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3f (361 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ab (287 mg, 0.90 mmol, 90%). The gram scale synthesis was performed on 10 mmol of the starting 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m and the amide 5ab was prepared in 78% yield (2.45 g, 7.8 mmol). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (354 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), aryl sulphonium salt 4g (490 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv.), the L2 (202 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.25 equiv.), [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (67 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.3 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ab (281 mg, 0.88 mmol, 88%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (354 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (289 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ab (284 mg, 0.89 mmol, 89%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 3:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 86–87 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 4.20 (s, n class="Chemical">2H, CH2), 4.71 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.07 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.6 Hz, CHAr), 7.15 (br. s, 2H, CHAr), 7.30–7.33 (m, 4H, CHAr), 7.36–7.39 (m, 4H, CHAr), 8.50–7.53 (m, 2H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 47.2, 51.6, 115.6 (d, J = 22.2 Hz), 126.8 (m), 127.7 (m), 128.4 (m), 128.7 (m), 128.9, 129.0, 132.0 (m), 136.5 (d, J = 67.9 Hz), 163.3 (d, 1J = 247.5 Hz), 171.3. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C21H19NOF (M + H) 320.1455. Found 320.1451. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (354 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2s (289 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ac (337 mg, 0.84 mmol, 84%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 3:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 68–70 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 4.39 (s, n class="Chemical">2H, CH2), 4.74 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.13 (d, 2H, 3J = 6.9 Hz, CHAr), 7.30–7.34 (m, 4H, CHAr), 7.37–7.40 (m, 4H, CHAr), 7.54 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1 Hz, CHAr), 7.67 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1 Hz, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 47.1, 51.5, 127.1 (q, 1J = 258.2 Hz, n class="Chemical">SCF3), 126.9, 127.7, 128.2, 128.4, 128.8, 129.0, 135.9, 136.2, 136.5, 138.6, 170.8. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C22H19NOF3S (M + H) 402.1141. Found 402.1139. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (354 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2o (247 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ac (247 mg, 0.67 mmol, 67%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (354 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), KF (116 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (95 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3l (372 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 equiv.), the L1 (130 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), CuBr2 (22.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.12 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ab (229 mg, 0.62 mmol, 62%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 4:1 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. Colorless solid, mp 135–136 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 4.11 (t, n class="Chemical">2H, 3J = 15.3 Hz, CH2), 4.25 (d, 1H, 3J = 15.8 Hz, CH2), 5.33 (d, 1H, 3J = 14.8 Hz, CH2), 7.11 (m, 2H, 3J = 7.1 Hz, CHAr), 7.29–7.37 (m, 8H, CHAr), 7.47–7.51 (m, 2H, CHAr), 7.56 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.1 Hz, CHAr), 7.71 (d, 1H, 3J = 7.8 Hz, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 46.4, 51.1, 123.7 (q, 1J = 274.8 Hz, CF3), 126.6 (m), 127.3, 127.4, 127.7, 127.8, 128.5, 128.8, 129.1, 129.1, 132.1, 135.0, 135.5, 136.1, 169.2. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C22H19NOF3 (M + H) 370.1422. Found 370.1419. The title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (885 mg, 2.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv.), KF (232 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (190 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), appropriate aryl boronic acid 2v (166 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), the L1 (260 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 equiv.), CuBr2 (44.6 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.08 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ae (445 mg, 0.85 mmol, 85%). Alternatively, the title compound was prepared stn class="Chemical">arting with an appropriate 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamide 1m (885 mg, 2.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv.), KF (232 mg, 4.0 mmol, 4.0 equiv.), MgCl2 (190 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), appropriate trialkoxysilane 3q (318 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), the L1 (260 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 equiv.), CuBr2 (44.6 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.), and hexafluoropropanol (0.08 mmol/mL). The purification of the dry crude performed by column chromatography on silica gel provides the amide 5ae (419 mg, 0.80 mmol, 80%). Flash column chromatography was performed using a mixture of hexane/n class="Chemical">ethyl acetate 1:2 as an eluent to provide the corresponding amide product. White solid, mp 172–173 °C. (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 4.39 (s, n class="Chemical">4H, 2xCH2), 4.71 (s, 4H, 2xCH2), 7.12 (d, 4H, 3J = 6.8 Hz, CHAr), 7.28–7.37 (m, 16H, CHAr), 7.53 (s, 4H, CHAr). -NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 46.9, 51.4, 126.8, 126.9, 127.6, 127.7, 128.4, 128.7, 128.9, 136.0, 136.6, 137.4, 171.3. HRMS (TOF MS ES+): Calcd for C36H33N2O2 (M + H) 525.2540. Found 525.2539.

4. Conclusions

Summing up, basing on the mechanism assumption, we described three new mechanism-guided copper-catalyzed protocols for the direct n class="Chemical">arylation of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides using aryl boronic acids, aryl trialloxysilanes, and aryl sulphonium salts as the aryl donors. The deployment of the scope of the reactions showcased the unique tolerance of the developed methodologies towards vast range of structural patterns and substituents on all coupling parts. These methods offer rapid entry to structurally diverse aromatic amides from simple and commercially availed precursors. Noteworthily, all methodologies were prone for scale-up to gram quantities.
  43 in total

1.  Copper-catalyzed Hiyama coupling of (hetero)aryltriethoxysilanes with (hetero)aryl iodides.

Authors:  Santosh K Gurung; Surendra Thapa; Adarsh S Vangala; Ramesh Giri
Journal:  Org Lett       Date:  2013-09-30       Impact factor: 6.005

2.  Visible-Light-Induced, Catalyst-Free Radical Cross-Coupling Cyclization of N-Allylbromodifluoroacetamides with Disulfides or Diselenides.

Authors:  Zhi-Peng Ye; Peng-Ju Xia; Fang Liu; Yuan-Zhuo Hu; Dan Song; Jun-An Xiao; Ping Huang; Hao-Yue Xiang; Xiao-Qing Chen; Hua Yang
Journal:  J Org Chem       Date:  2020-04-09       Impact factor: 4.354

3.  Ru-catalyzed hydroamidation of alkenes and cooperative aminocarboxylation procedure with chelating formamide.

Authors:  Sangwon Ko; Hoon Han; Sukbok Chang
Journal:  Org Lett       Date:  2003-07-24       Impact factor: 6.005

4.  The scope and limitation of nickel-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of aryl bromides from formamide derivatives.

Authors:  Youngshin Jo; Jinhun Ju; Jaehoon Choe; Kwang Ho Song; Sunwoo Lee
Journal:  J Org Chem       Date:  2009-08-21       Impact factor: 4.354

5.  Visible-light photoredox intramolecular difluoroacetamidation: facile synthesis of 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindoles from bromodifluoroacetamides.

Authors:  Xiao-Jing Wei; Lin Wang; Shao-Fu Du; Li-Zhu Wu; Qiang Liu
Journal:  Org Biomol Chem       Date:  2016-01-22       Impact factor: 3.876

6.  Copper-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of arylboronate esters: transmetalation with (PN)CuF and identification of intermediates.

Authors:  Santosh K Gurung; Surendra Thapa; Arjun Kafle; Diane A Dickie; Ramesh Giri
Journal:  Org Lett       Date:  2014-02-05       Impact factor: 6.005

7.  Visible-Light-Driven, Radical-Triggered Tandem Cyclization of o-Hydroxyaryl Enaminones: Facile Access to 3-CF2 /CF3-Containing Chromones.

Authors:  Haoyue Xiang; Qinglan Zhao; Zhenyu Tang; Junan Xiao; Pengju Xia; Chaoming Wang; Chunhao Yang; Xiaoqing Chen; Hua Yang
Journal:  Org Lett       Date:  2016-12-12       Impact factor: 6.005

Review 8.  Amide bond formation: beyond the myth of coupling reagents.

Authors:  Eric Valeur; Mark Bradley
Journal:  Chem Soc Rev       Date:  2008-12-04       Impact factor: 54.564

9.  Synthesis of phthalic acid derivatives via Pd-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of aromatic C-H bonds with alkyl chloroformates.

Authors:  Gang Liao; Hao-Ming Chen; Bing-Feng Shi
Journal:  Chem Commun (Camb)       Date:  2018-09-25       Impact factor: 6.222

10.  Peptide-Based Catalysts Reach the Outer Sphere through Remote Desymmetrization and Atroposelectivity.

Authors:  Anthony J Metrano; Scott J Miller
Journal:  Acc Chem Res       Date:  2018-12-11       Impact factor: 22.384
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