Roya Kolahdouz-Mohammadi1, Sepideh Soltani2, Zachary Stephen Clayton3, Amin Salehi-Abargouei4. 1. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2. Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 3. Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA. 4. Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. abargouei@ssu.ac.ir.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The relationship between sodium intake and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is inconsistent. We, therefore, aimed to summarize the current evidence by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. METHODS: We retrieved studies which compared any marker of sodium status between individuals with T2DM and those without diabetes published in any language by searching online databases from inception up to June 2019. Summary effects were derived using random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 44 studies with 503,830 participants from 25 countries were included in this study. Sodium status was significantly different between individuals with and without T2DM (Hedges' g = 0.21; 95% CI 0.02, 0.40; P = 0.029). Individuals with T2DM had higher sodium intake compared to non-diabetic controls (WMD = 621.79 mg/day; 95% CI 321.53, 922.06; P < 0.001) and 24-h urinary excretion was associated with likelihood of developing T2DM (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.15, 1.41; P < 0.001). Furthermore, salivary, hair, and platelet sodium were higher in patients with T2DM compared to controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of the current meta-analysis suggest that sodium levels are higher in patients with T2DM compared to non-diabetic controls; however, given that these studies are observational, it is not possible to infer causality.
PURPOSE: The relationship between sodium intake and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is inconsistent. We, therefore, aimed to summarize the current evidence by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. METHODS: We retrieved studies which compared any marker of sodium status between individuals with T2DM and those without diabetes published in any language by searching online databases from inception up to June 2019. Summary effects were derived using random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 44 studies with 503,830 participants from 25 countries were included in this study. Sodium status was significantly different between individuals with and without T2DM (Hedges' g = 0.21; 95% CI 0.02, 0.40; P = 0.029). Individuals with T2DM had higher sodium intake compared to non-diabetic controls (WMD = 621.79 mg/day; 95% CI 321.53, 922.06; P < 0.001) and 24-h urinary excretion was associated with likelihood of developing T2DM (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.15, 1.41; P < 0.001). Furthermore, salivary, hair, and platelet sodium were higher in patients with T2DM compared to controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of the current meta-analysis suggest that sodium levels are higher in patients with T2DM compared to non-diabetic controls; however, given that these studies are observational, it is not possible to infer causality.
Authors: Xin Fang; Chun Liang; Mei Li; Scott Montgomery; Katja Fall; Jan Aaseth; Yang Cao Journal: J Trace Elem Med Biol Date: 2016-03-29 Impact factor: 3.849
Authors: K Ogurtsova; J D da Rocha Fernandes; Y Huang; U Linnenkamp; L Guariguata; N H Cho; D Cavan; J E Shaw; L E Makaroff Journal: Diabetes Res Clin Pract Date: 2017-03-31 Impact factor: 5.602
Authors: Merlin C Thomas; John Moran; Carol Forsblom; Valma Harjutsalo; Lena Thorn; Aila Ahola; Johan Wadén; Nina Tolonen; Markku Saraheimo; Daniel Gordin; Per-Henrik Groop Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2011-02-09 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Elif I Ekinci; Sophie Clarke; Merlin C Thomas; John L Moran; Karey Cheong; Richard J MacIsaac; George Jerums Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2011-02-02 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Barbara Thorand; Martin Reincke; Cornelia Then; Katrin Ritzel; Christian Herder; Holger Then; Chaterina Sujana; Margit Heier; Christa Meisinger; Annette Peters; Wolfgang Koenig; Wolfgang Rathmann; Michael Roden; Haifa Maalmi; Michael Stumvoll; Thomas Meitinger; Martin Bidlingmaier; Jochen Seissler Journal: BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care Date: 2022-01