Rasheed Omobolaji Alabi1, Omar Youssef2, Matti Pirinen3, Mohammed Elmusrati4, Antti A Mäkitie5, Ilmo Leivo6, Alhadi Almangush7. 1. Department of Industrial Digitalization, School of Technology and Innovations, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland. Electronic address: rasheed.alabi@student.uwasa.fi. 2. Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 3. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 4. Department of Industrial Digitalization, School of Technology and Innovations, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland. 5. Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 6. University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, Turku, Finland. 7. Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Dentistry, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Oral cancer can show heterogenous patterns of behavior. For proper and effective management of oral cancer, early diagnosis and accurate prediction of prognosis are important. To achieve this, artificial intelligence (AI) or its subfield, machine learning, has been touted for its potential to revolutionize cancer management through improved diagnostic precision and prediction of outcomes. Yet, to date, it has made only few contributions to actual medical practice or patient care. OBJECTIVES: This study provides a systematic review of diagnostic and prognostic application of machine learning in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and also highlights some of the limitations and concerns of clinicians towards the implementation of machine learning-based models for daily clinical practice. DATA SOURCES: We searched OvidMedline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) databases from inception until February 2020 for articles that used machine learning for diagnostic or prognostic purposes of OSCC. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Only original studies that examined the application of machine learning models for prognostic and/or diagnostic purposes were considered. DATA EXTRACTION: Independent extraction of articles was done by two researchers (A.R. & O.Y) using predefine study selection criteria. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) in the searching and screening processes. We also used Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) for assessing the risk of bias (ROB) and quality of included studies. RESULTS: A total of 41 studies were published to have used machine learning to aid in the diagnosis/or prognosis of OSCC. The majority of these studies used the support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms as machine learning techniques. Their specificity ranged from 0.57 to 1.00, sensitivity from 0.70 to 1.00, and accuracy from 63.4 % to 100.0 % in these studies. The main limitations and concerns can be grouped as either the challenges inherent to the science of machine learning or relating to the clinical implementations. CONCLUSION: Machine learning models have been reported to show promising performances for diagnostic and prognostic analyses in studies of oral cancer. These models should be developed to further enhance explainability, interpretability, and externally validated for generalizability in order to be safely integrated into daily clinical practices. Also, regulatory frameworks for the adoption of these models in clinical practices are necessary.
BACKGROUND:Oral cancer can show heterogenous patterns of behavior. For proper and effective management of oral cancer, early diagnosis and accurate prediction of prognosis are important. To achieve this, artificial intelligence (AI) or its subfield, machine learning, has been touted for its potential to revolutionize cancer management through improved diagnostic precision and prediction of outcomes. Yet, to date, it has made only few contributions to actual medical practice or patient care. OBJECTIVES: This study provides a systematic review of diagnostic and prognostic application of machine learning in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and also highlights some of the limitations and concerns of clinicians towards the implementation of machine learning-based models for daily clinical practice. DATA SOURCES: We searched OvidMedline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) databases from inception until February 2020 for articles that used machine learning for diagnostic or prognostic purposes of OSCC. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Only original studies that examined the application of machine learning models for prognostic and/or diagnostic purposes were considered. DATA EXTRACTION: Independent extraction of articles was done by two researchers (A.R. & O.Y) using predefine study selection criteria. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) in the searching and screening processes. We also used Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) for assessing the risk of bias (ROB) and quality of included studies. RESULTS: A total of 41 studies were published to have used machine learning to aid in the diagnosis/or prognosis of OSCC. The majority of these studies used the support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms as machine learning techniques. Their specificity ranged from 0.57 to 1.00, sensitivity from 0.70 to 1.00, and accuracy from 63.4 % to 100.0 % in these studies. The main limitations and concerns can be grouped as either the challenges inherent to the science of machine learning or relating to the clinical implementations. CONCLUSION: Machine learning models have been reported to show promising performances for diagnostic and prognostic analyses in studies of oral cancer. These models should be developed to further enhance explainability, interpretability, and externally validated for generalizability in order to be safely integrated into daily clinical practices. Also, regulatory frameworks for the adoption of these models in clinical practices are necessary.
Authors: Atta-Ur Rahman; Abdullah Alqahtani; Nahier Aldhafferi; Muhammad Umar Nasir; Muhammad Farhan Khan; Muhammad Adnan Khan; Amir Mosavi Journal: Sensors (Basel) Date: 2022-05-18 Impact factor: 3.847
Authors: Rasheed Omobolaji Alabi; Alhadi Almangush; Mohammed Elmusrati; Ilmo Leivo; Antti Mäkitie Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-07-08 Impact factor: 4.614
Authors: Rasheed Omobolaji Alabi; Ibrahim O Bello; Omar Youssef; Mohammed Elmusrati; Antti A Mäkitie; Alhadi Almangush Journal: Front Oral Health Date: 2021-07-26
Authors: Wai Tong Ng; Barton But; Horace C W Choi; Remco de Bree; Anne W M Lee; Victor H F Lee; Fernando López; Antti A Mäkitie; Juan P Rodrigo; Nabil F Saba; Raymond K Y Tsang; Alfio Ferlito Journal: Cancer Manag Res Date: 2022-01-26 Impact factor: 3.989