| Literature DB >> 33935319 |
Sitanshu Barik1, Gobinder Singh1, Subhajit Maji1, Md Quamar Azam2, Vivek Singh1.
Abstract
Objectives The present study aims to identify preoperative characteristics of the patient, of the injury, as well as of imaging, which would point towards a type IV fracture. The present study shall help the operating team to predict more accurately the type IV pattern preoperatively, leading to improved counselling of the caregivers, planning of surgery, as well as preparedness regarding open reduction, if such situation arises. Methods A retrospective study was conducted, including patients that met the following criteria: 1) age < 16 years old; 2) Gartland type-III and type-IV supracondylar fractures; and 3) with complete records. Demographic data like age, gender, laterality, mode of injury, hospital duration of the injury, history of previous attempts of closed reduction, open/closed fracture, distal neurovascular status, and radiographic data like angulation, translation, osseous apposition and fracture comminution were collected. Results Hospital duration of the injury and previous attempts of closed reduction were the factors that had a statistically significant difference among types III and IV fractures ( p < 0.05). A diagnosis of type IV supracondylar fractures was significantly more likely in the presence of valgus angulation of the distal fragment ≥ 17° (odds ratio [OR] = 20.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.45-118.65). Flexion angulation ≥ 10° (OR = 5.32; 95% CI = 0.24-119.88) of the distal fragment predicted Gartland type IV with a sensitivity of 41% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusion The preoperative evaluation of suspected Gartland IV fractures can help the operating surgeon in predicting such injuries. Nonradiographic factors like increased hospital duration of the injury, attempts at previously closed reduction, and radiographic parameters like valgus and flexion angulation were more likely to be associated with type IV fractures. Level of evidence III. Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: child; elbow joint; fracture fixation; humeral fractures
Year: 2021 PMID: 33935319 PMCID: PMC8075635 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722578
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Fig. 1(i, ii). Depiction of angulation in the coronal (i) and sagittal planes (ii) by lines along the mid diaphysis of the proximal fragment and a line perpendicular to the elbow joint in the distal fragment.
Fig. 2(i, ii). Depiction of translation and osseous apposition in the coronal (i) and sagittal planes (ii). Translation = a / c. Osseous apposition = b / c.
Association between Gartland Type and Parameters
| Parameters | Gartland Type |
| |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Type 3 (
|
Type 4 (
| ||
|
| 8.62 ± 2.60 | 8.88 ± 3.69 | 0.818 a |
|
| 1.000 b | ||
| Male | 12 (75.0%) | 13 (76.5%) | |
| Female | 4 (25.0%) | 4 (23.5%) | |
|
| 0.071 b | ||
| Fall from height | 9 (56.2%) | 6 (35.3%) | |
| Injury While practicing sports | 5 (31.2%) | 11 (64.7%) | |
| Road traffic accident | 2 (12.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
|
| 31.25 ± 43.09 | 52.59 ± 45.47 |
|
|
| 0.392 d | ||
| Right | 9 (56.2%) | 12 (70.6%) | |
| Left | 7 (43.8%) | 5 (29.4%) | |
|
| 4 (25.0%) | 11 (64.7%) |
|
|
| 0.485 b | ||
| Closed | 15 (93.8%) | 17 (100.0%) | |
| Open | 1 (6.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
|
| 0.335 b | ||
| Intact | 13 (81.2%) | 16 (94.1%) | |
| Involved | 3 (18.8%) | 1 (5.9%) | |
Significant at p < 0.05, a : t-test, b : Fisher exact test, c : Wilcoxon test, d : Chi-squared test. DNVS, Distal neurovascular status.
Comparison of the Diagnostic Performance of Various Radiographic parameters in Predicting Gartland Type 4 versus Gartland Type 3
| Predictor | Odds ratio (95% CI) | AUROC (95% CI) |
| Sn | Sp | PPV | NPV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angulation (sagittal plane) (degrees of extension) | 5.32 (0.24–119.88) | 0.557 (0.343–0.771) | 0.587 | 41% | 100% | 100% | 62% |
| Angulation (coronal plane) (degrees of valgus) | 20.22 (3.45–118.65) | 0.868 (0.741–0.994) |
| 88% | 81% | 83% | 87% |
| Translation (coronal plane) (%) | 0.94 (0.02–50.32) | 0.557 (0.344–0.77) | 0.588 | 71% | 69% | 71% | 69% |
| Translation (sagittal plane) (%) | 3.14 (0.75–13.16) | 0.515 (0.316–0.714) | 0.897 | 41% | 69% | 58% | 52% |
| Osseous apposition (%) | 3.14 (0.75–13.16) | 0.557 (0.344–0.77) | 0.588 | 71% | 69% | 71% | 69% |
| Osseous apposition (Lateral) (%) | 0.94 (0.02–50.32) | 0.515 (0.316–0.714) | 0.897 | 41% | 69% | 58% | 52% |
Abbreviations: AUROC, area under ROC curve; CI, confidence interval; DA, diagnostic accuracy; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; Sn, sensitivity; Sp, specificity.
Fig. 3ROC curve analysis of various parameters in predicting Gartland type 4 versus Gartland type 3.
Fig. 1(i, ii). Representação de angulação no plano coronal (i) e sagital (ii) por linhas ao longo da diáfise média do fragmento proximal e linha perpendicular à articulação do cotovelo no fragmento distal.
Fig. 2(i, ii). Representação da translação e aposição óssea em plano coronal (i) e sagital (ii). Translação = a / c. Aposição óssea = b / c.
Associação entre tipo Gartland e parâmetros
| Parâmetros | Tipo Gartland |
| |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Tipo 3 (
|
Tipo 4 (
| ||
|
| 8,62 ± 2,60 | 8,88 ± 3,69 | 0,818 a |
|
| 1,000 b | ||
| Masculino | 12 (75,0%) | 13 (76,5%) | |
| Fêminino | 4 (25,0%) | 4 (23,5%) | |
|
| 0,071 b | ||
| Queda de altura | 9 (56,2%) | 6 (35,3%) | |
| Lesão enquanto pratica esportes | 5 (31,2%) | 11 (64,7%) | |
| Acidente de trânsito | 2 (12,5%) | 0 (0,0%) | |
|
| 31,25 ± 43,09 | 52,59 ± 45,47 |
|
|
| 0,392 d | ||
| Direita | 9 (56,2%) | 12 (70,6%) | |
| Esquerda | 7 (43,8%) | 5 (29,4%) | |
|
| 4 (25,0%) | 11 (64,7%) |
|
|
| 0,485 b | ||
| Fechada | 15 (93,8%) | 17 (100,0%) | |
| Aberta | 1 (6,2%) | 0 (0,0%) | |
|
| 0,335 b | ||
| Intacto | 13 (81,2%) | 16 (94,1%) | |
| Envolvido | 3 (18,8%) | 1 (5,9%) | |
Significativo em p <0,05, a : teste-t, b : Teste exato de Fisher, c : Teste de Wilcoxon , d : Teste qui-quadrado. DNVS, Distal neurovascular status.
Comparação do desempenho diagnóstico de vários parâmetros radiográficos para predizer Gartland Tipo 4 versus Gartland Tipo 3
| Preditor | Razão ímpar (IC 95%) | AUROC (IC95%) |
| Sn | Sp | PPV | NPV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angulação (plano sagital) (graus de extensão) | 5,32 (0,24–119,88) | 0,557 (0,343–0,771) | 0,587 | 41% | 100% | 100% | 62% |
| Angulação (plano coronal) (valgo) | 20,22 (3,45–118,65) | 0,868 (0,741–0,994) |
| 88% | 81% | 83% | 87% |
| Translação (plano coronal) (%) | 0,94 (0,02–50,32) | 0,557 (0,344–0,77) | 0,588 | 71% | 69% | 71% | 69% |
| Translação (plano sagital) (%) | 3,14 (0,75–13,16) | 0,515 (0,316–0,714) | 0,897 | 41% | 69% | 58% | 52% |
| Aposição óssea (AP) (%) | 3,14 (0,75–13,16) | 0,557 (0,344–0,77) | 0,588 | 71% | 69% | 71% | 69% |
| Aposição óssea (Lateral) (%) | 0,94 (0,02–50,32) | 0,515 (0,316–0,714) | 0,897 | 41% | 69% | 58% | 52% |
Abreviaturas: AUROC, área sob curva ROC; IC, intervalo de confiança; DA, precisão diagnóstica; NPV, valor preditivo negativo; PPV, Valor preditivo positivo; Sn, sensibilidade; Sp, especificidade.
Fig. 3Análise de curva ROC de vários parâmetros para prever Gartland tipo 4 versus Gartland tipo 3.