Lewis Kirkwood1,2, Lesley Ingram-Sills1,2, Mark Dunlop Taylor3, Eva Malone1, Geraint Florida-James1,2. 1. School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK. 2. Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress EH45 8NB, UK. 3. School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Understanding the sport-specific immune response elicited during both training and competition is imperative to maximise athlete health and performance. Despite a growing population of professional enduro mountain bike athletes, little is known about the recovery of the immune system following enduro racing events. METHODS: Nine international level elite enduro mountain bike athletes (age 24.3 ± 2.4 years, height 178.5 ± 8.7 cm, mass 76.5 ± 12.5 kg) completed a laboratory-based maximal exercise test (LAB) on a cycle ergometer and competed in an international mountain bike enduro race event (RACE). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 1 h after LAB and before, 1 h after, and 17 h after RACE. Leukocyte subsets were enumerated using seven-colour flow cytometry. Lucia's training impulse (LuTRIMP) and vibration exposure (VIB) were quantified during RACE. RESULTS: Seven participants were included in the final analyses. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in neutrophil count alongside a reduction of cytotoxic lymphocyte cell subsets of both the innate (CD3-/CD56+ NK-cells and CD3-/CD56dim NK-cells) and adaptive (CD8+/CD62L-/CD45RA- T-cells and CD8+/CD27+/CD28- T-cells) components of the immune system one hour after RACE. All cell counts returned to baseline values 17 h afterwards (p > 0.05). Cell subset redistribution from pre- to post-one-hour time points (%Δpre-post1h) in cell subsets with potent effector functions (Neutrophils, CD3-/CD56+ NK-cells, CD8+/CD62L-/CD45RA- T-cells, CD8+/CD27+/CD28- T-cells, and CD3-/CD56dim/CD57- NK-cells) was significantly greater at RACE than LAB (p < 0.05). VIB was shown to be a superior predictor of %Δpre-post1h CD4+ T-cells, CD4+ early T-cells, CD4+ naïve T-cells, and NK cells as compared with LuTRIMP on its own (ΔR2 = 0.63 - 0.89, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The race event offers a greater challenge to the immune system than LAB, and potentially, whole body vibration is a key component of training load measurement in mountain bike applications.
INTRODUCTION: Understanding the sport-specific immune response elicited during both training and competition is imperative to maximise athlete health and performance. Despite a growing population of professional enduro mountain bike athletes, little is known about the recovery of the immune system following enduro racing events. METHODS: Nine international level elite enduro mountain bike athletes (age 24.3 ± 2.4 years, height 178.5 ± 8.7 cm, mass 76.5 ± 12.5 kg) completed a laboratory-based maximal exercise test (LAB) on a cycle ergometer and competed in an international mountain bike enduro race event (RACE). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 1 h after LAB and before, 1 h after, and 17 h after RACE. Leukocyte subsets were enumerated using seven-colour flow cytometry. Lucia's training impulse (LuTRIMP) and vibration exposure (VIB) were quantified during RACE. RESULTS: Seven participants were included in the final analyses. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in neutrophil count alongside a reduction of cytotoxic lymphocyte cell subsets of both the innate (CD3-/CD56+ NK-cells and CD3-/CD56dim NK-cells) and adaptive (CD8+/CD62L-/CD45RA- T-cells and CD8+/CD27+/CD28- T-cells) components of the immune system one hour after RACE. All cell counts returned to baseline values 17 h afterwards (p > 0.05). Cell subset redistribution from pre- to post-one-hour time points (%Δpre-post1h) in cell subsets with potent effector functions (Neutrophils, CD3-/CD56+ NK-cells, CD8+/CD62L-/CD45RA- T-cells, CD8+/CD27+/CD28- T-cells, and CD3-/CD56dim/CD57- NK-cells) was significantly greater at RACE than LAB (p < 0.05). VIB was shown to be a superior predictor of %Δpre-post1h CD4+ T-cells, CD4+ early T-cells, CD4+ naïve T-cells, and NK cells as compared with LuTRIMP on its own (ΔR2 = 0.63 - 0.89, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The race event offers a greater challenge to the immune system than LAB, and potentially, whole body vibration is a key component of training load measurement in mountain bike applications.
Entities:
Keywords:
leukocyte redistribution; mountain biking; recovery; training load
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