Nasser M Al-Daghri1, Osama E Amer2, Naif H Alotaibi3, Dara A Aldisi4, Mushira A Enani5, Eman Sheshah6, Naji J Aljohani2,7, Naemah Alshingetti8, Suliman Y Alomar9, Hanan Alfawaz10, Syed D Hussain2, Abdullah M Alnaami2, Shaun Sabico2. 1. Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. ndaghri@ksu.edu.sa. 2. Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. 3. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia. 4. Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. 5. Infectious Diseases Section, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, 59046, Saudi Arabia. 6. Diabetes Care Center, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, 12769, Saudi Arabia. 7. Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Center, Department of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 8. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, 11564, Saudi Arabia. 9. Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia. 10. College of Food Science & Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D status in patients with COVID-19 is an on-going controversial issue. This study aims to determine differences in the serum 25(OH)D concentrations of Arab Gulf adult residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with risk of COVID-19 infection together with other comorbidities. METHODS: In this multi-center, case-control study, a total of 220 male and female adults presenting with none to mild symptoms were screened for COVID-19 (n = 138 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive and 82 negative controls). Medical history was noted. Anthropometrics were measured and non-fasting blood samples were collected for the assessment of glucose, lipids, inflammatory markers and serum 25(OH)D concentrations. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 positive group compared to the negative group after adjustment for age and BMI (52.8 nmol/l ± 11.0 versus 64.5 nmol/l ± 11.1; p = 0.009). Being elderly (> 60 years) [Odds ratio 6 (95% Confidence Interval, CI 2-18; p = 0.001) as well as having type 2 diabetes (T2D) [OR 6 (95% CI 3-14); p < 0.001)] and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) [OR 6 (95% CI 3-14); p < 0.001)] were significant risk factors for COVID-19 infection independent of age, sex and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Among Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2, serum 25(OH) D levels were observed to be lower in those who tested positive than negative individuals, but it was the presence of old age, diabetes mellitus and low-HDL-c that were significantly associated with risk of COVID-19 infection. Large population-based randomized controlled trials should be conducted to assess the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation against COVID-19.
OBJECTIVES:Vitamin D status in patients with COVID-19 is an on-going controversial issue. This study aims to determine differences in the serum 25(OH)D concentrations of Arab Gulf adult residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with risk of COVID-19infection together with other comorbidities. METHODS: In this multi-center, case-control study, a total of 220 male and female adults presenting with none to mild symptoms were screened for COVID-19 (n = 138 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive and 82 negative controls). Medical history was noted. Anthropometrics were measured and non-fasting blood samples were collected for the assessment of glucose, lipids, inflammatory markers and serum 25(OH)D concentrations. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 positive group compared to the negative group after adjustment for age and BMI (52.8 nmol/l ± 11.0 versus 64.5 nmol/l ± 11.1; p = 0.009). Being elderly (> 60 years) [Odds ratio 6 (95% Confidence Interval, CI 2-18; p = 0.001) as well as having type 2 diabetes (T2D) [OR 6 (95% CI 3-14); p < 0.001)] and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) [OR 6 (95% CI 3-14); p < 0.001)] were significant risk factors for COVID-19infection independent of age, sex and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Among Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2, serum 25(OH) D levels were observed to be lower in those who tested positive than negative individuals, but it was the presence of old age, diabetes mellitus and low-HDL-c that were significantly associated with risk of COVID-19infection. Large population-based randomized controlled trials should be conducted to assess the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation against COVID-19.
Entities:
Keywords:
Case–control; Covid-19; Saudi; Vitamin D
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