| Literature DB >> 33886937 |
Fernando Anselmo de Oliveira1, Mariana Penteado Nucci2, Gabriel Nery de Albuquerque Rego1, Arielly da Hora Alves1, Luciana Cavalheiro Marti1, Leopoldo Penteado Nucci3, Javier Bustamante Mamani1, Lionel Fernel Gamarra1.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to highlight the global scientific effort to fight the SARS-CoV-2, addressing the preliminary results of passive immunization through convalescent plasma. We performed a search at the major databases of interventional clinical trial protocols about the transfusion of convalescent plasma in patients with COVID-19, as well as, published articles (n≥25), using the following search strategy: [(COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR nCoV-2019) AND (Convalescent plasma OR Plasma exchange) AND (Treatment OR Therapy)]. A total of 24 interventional clinical trial protocols (advanced in phases II-III, III, and IV) were included in this review, as well as three studies that had enough outcomes to evaluate the efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with COVID-19. All interventional clinical trial protocols applied approximately 500mL of convalescent plasma (from single or more donations) in hospitalized patients, mainly in patients with severe disease associated with standard therapy for COVID-19, and compared to placebo or standard therapy plus specific drugs. Most of interventional clinical trial protocols are multicenter, and the phase IV studies are recruiting at intercontinental centers of North America, Oceania, Europe, but most are recruiting center inside their own county. The three studies published reported similar approach of convalescent plasma intervention with decrease in length of stay, mortality, with less than 4% of adverse events, mainly for treating critical cases with life-threatening disease. All advanced clinical trials focused on convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in severe conditions, and the preliminary results provide strong evidence for therapy for the COVID-19 patients.Entities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 33886937 PMCID: PMC8034864 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2021RW6186
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Einstein (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 1679-4508
Figure 1Analysis of the study progress rate percentile of clinical trial protocols on convalescent plasma therapy for hospitalized patients of COVID-19 distributed by their phases (green bar: phase IV; blue bars: phase III; and red bars: phase II-III) and the corresponding sponsor country
Study design, arms, interventions, and study time progress
| Identity | Phase | Patient | Intervention by arm | CP dose (day) | Age | Start | Completion | Progress | Recruitment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT02735707( | IV | Severe acute respiratory illness and severe community acquired pneumonia | Corticosteroid | 1 or 2 units within 48 hours | >18 | 4/11/16 | 12/1/23 | 58 | Recruitingz |
| NCT04391101( | III | Severe patients treated in ICU | CP associated with ST | 400-500mL | >18 | 6/1/20 | 12/1/21 | 19.2 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04372979( | III | Early care of hospitalized patients | CP associated with ST | 200-230mL | 18-80 | 5/1/20 | 5/1/21 | 37.3 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04418518( | III | Early care for patients hospitalized | CP associated with ST | 500mL of single-donor or 2 units of 250mL from 1-2 donations | 18-70 | 6/24/20 | 12/1/21 | 15.6 | Recruiting |
| NCT04355767( | III | Severe/critical hospitalized patients | CP (antibodies titers ≥1:160) | CP: 1-unit | >18 | 8/11/20 | 12/1/22 | 4.0 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04432103( | III | Severe/critical hospitalized patients | CP from IgG (severe patients | NR | >19 | 6/19/20 | 9/30/20 | 84.5 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04348656( | III | Early care for patients hospitalized | CP | 500mL of single-donor or 2 units of 250mL from 1-2 donations | >20 | 5/14/20 | 12/31/20 | 53.2 | Recruiting |
| NCT04425915( | III | Severe/critical hospitalized patients | CP associated with ST | 2 doses of 250mL on consecutive day started by day 3 of symptom onset | >21 | 6/14/20 | 5/30/21 | 26.3 | Recruiting |
| NCT04362176( | III | Patients hospitalized or in ICU | Pathogen reduced CP | CP: 500mL within 12 hours (day 0) | >22 | 4/24/20 | 4/1/21 | 41.8 | Recruiting |
| NCT04381858( | III | Severe respiratory failure with invasive mechanical ventilation | CP (antibodies titers >1:164) | CP: 400mL (2 units) | 16-18 | 5/6/20 | 9/30/20 | 89.1 | Recruiting |
| NCT04361253( | III | Patients hospitalized | CP (high-titer) | HT-CP: 2 doses of 250mL of single donor within 24 hours; FFP: 2 units of 200-275mL | >1 | 04/30/20 | 12/1/21 | 23.6 | Recruiting |
| NCT04376034( | III | Mild, moderate and severe/critical severity | CP associated with ST | Adult: 200 to 250mL; children: 10mL/kg; 2 units severe patients or critical condition | >30 days | 4/16/20 | 3/30/21 | 43.4 | Recruiting |
| NCT04483960( | III | No severe patients | LPV/Rit | 1 unit on day 1 and day 2 | >18 | 7/21/20 | 6/12/22 | 8.0 | Recruiting |
| NCT0434528 9( | III | Mild, moderate and severe/critical hospitalized patients | CP associated with ST (Smab | CP: (twice 300mL) and single dose of 600mL; placebo: (twice 300mL) and single dose of 600mL IV saline oral placebo: three times/day (7 days) | >18 | 5/1/20 | 6/15/21 | 33.2 | Recruiting |
| NCT04342182( | II-III | Hospitalized patients | CP associated with ST | 300mL (according to the Erasmus MC KIS protocol) | >18 | 4/8/20 | 7/1/20 | 100 | Recruiting |
| NCT04388410( | II-III | Hospitalized patients with severe disease or at risk for severe disease. | CP | CP: 2 units of 200mL within 24-72 hours); placebo: 200mL of saline | >18 | 8/25/20 | 12/31/20 | 15.6 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04374526( | II-III | Hospitalized patients | CP associated with ST | 200mL/day for 3 days | >65 | 5/27/20 | 6/30/21 | 27.6 | Recruiting |
| NCT04384588( | II-III | Oncological and non-oncological patients with severe disease | CP associated with ST | 1 or more units | >15 | 4/7/20 | 4/6/21 | 44.0 | Recruiting |
| NCT04425837( | II-III | Hospitalized patients at high risk of severe disease or in ICU | CP (antibodies titers of ≥1:160) associated with ST | 2 doses of 200mL in a day | >18 | 7/1/20 | 2/1/21 | 34.9 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04395170( | II-III | Early care for patients hospitalized | CP associated with ST | CP: 200-250mL (day 1 and 3); 10% IgG solution: 50mL (patient ≥50kg); 1 mL/Kg (patient <50Kg), on days 1 and 3 | >18 | 9/1/20 | 6/1/21 | 4.8 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04380935( | II-III | Hospitalized patients in ICU (using mechanical ventilation) | CP associated with ST | NR | >18 | 5/18/20 | 10/31/20 | 71.7 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04332835( | II-III | Moderate and severe/critical severity | CP associated with ST | 250mL on days 1 and 2 | 18-60 | 8/8/20 | 10/31/20 | 44.0 | Not yet recruiting |
| NCT04385043( | II-III | Severe/critical hospitalized patients | CP associated with ST | NR | 18-60 | 5/1/20 | 5/15/21 | 35.9 | Recruiting |
| NCT04381936( | II-III | Hospitalized patients at high-risk of severe disease | LPV/Rit | 275mL±75mL on days 1 and 2 | all | 3/19/20 | 12/1/31 | 4.2 | Recruiting |
Passive immunotherapy occurs through the infusion of plasma from convalescent individuals, hence the use of the term convalescent plasma which can also be called hyperimmune plasma or ABO-compatible convalescent plasma.
CP: convalescent plasma; LPV: lopinavir; Rit: ritonavir; HydChl: hydroxychloroquine; IFN-β1a: interferon-β1a; Anak: anakinra; Tmab: tocilizumab; Smab: sarilumab; Vit C: vitamin C; ST: standard therapy; ICU: intensive care unit; SP: standard plasma; IgG: immunoglobulin G; NR: not report; HIg: human immunoglobulin; FFP: fresh frozen plasma; FP24: plasma frozen within 24 hours after phlebotomy; HT-CP: high-titer convalescent plasma; IV: intravenous; Azi: azithromycin.
Figure 2Study design of clinical trials of passive immunization against COVID-19 (plasma therapy), distributed inside out by the different types of allocation (randomized or not), masking (none, single, double, triple, and quadruple blinding), estimated enrollment (varied from 36 to 15,000 individuals), and study countries. The color scale bar represents the number of volunteers estimated in each protocol
Figure 3The global distribution of clinical trials by phase (circles) and the centers carrying out research on COVID-19 plasma therapy (red bar) and their recruitment centers (cylinders). The main centers of each continent are highlighted in the enlarged image around the central map. Phase IV is indicated by green circle; phase III by blue circle, and phases II-III by red circle. The intercontinental collaborations of the clinical trial protocols at phase IV are represented by the dashed black lines on the world map
Studies that evaluation the efficacy of plasma therapy in COVID-19 patients
| References | n/CP sample | Antibody titer | CP dose | Viral charge | Previous treatments | Hospitalization | Adverse | Mortality rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abolghasemi et al.( | 189/115 CP | Plasma antibody titer cut off index >1.1 | 2x500mL | NI | ST + antiviral (LPV/Rit), HydChl and anti-inflammatory agent | 9.54 days CP | ~1% CP Transient mild fever and chills following infusion of the plasma (n=1) | 14.8% CP |
| Li et al.( | 103/52 CP (23 severe + 29 life-threatening) | 1:350 (6 donors) | 4-13mL/kg | Reduction in severe patients: 44.7% (24 hours), 68.1% (48 hours) and 87.2% (72 hours) virus-free Life-threatening patients: 53.8% (24 hours); 73.1 (48 hours) and 84.6% (72 hours) virus-free | Antiviral (41/46; 89.1%); antibacterial (38/46; 82.6%); Chinese herbal medicine (26/46; 56.5%); steroids (21/46 45.7%); antifungal (15/46; 32.6%); HIg (13/46; 28.3%); interferon (12/46; 26.1%) | Severe: 32.00 (26.00-40.00); life-threatening: indeterminate (46.00-indeterminate) | ~4% CP Chills and rashes within 2 hours (n=1); shortness of breath, cyanosis and severe dyspnea within 6 hours (n=1) | 15.7% CP |
| Xia et al.( | 1,568/138 | Not significantly higher in rapid responders than in moderate responders | 200-1,200mL | 20/25 (80%) became virus-free after 14 days | NI | 2.4% CP | ~2% CP Pruritus or erythema during transfusion (n=3) | 2.2% CP |
CP: convalescent plasma; ST: standard treatment; NI: not informed; LPV: lopinavir; Rit: ritonavir; HydChl: hydroxychloroquine; HIg: human immunoglobulin; ICU: intensive care unit.
Figura 1Análise do percentual da taxa de progresso do estudo de protocolos de ensaios clínicos sobre terapia de plasma convalescente para pacientes com COVID-19 hospitalizados distribuídos por suas fases (barra verde: fase IV; barras azuis: fase III; e barras vermelhas: fase II-III), com o correspondente país patrocinador
Desenho do estudo, braços, intervenções e progresso do tempo de estudo
| Número de | Fase | Características | Intervenção por braço | Dose PC (dia) | Faixa | Data de | Data de | Progresso | Situação de |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT02735707( | IV | Doença respiratória aguda grave e pneumonia adquirida na comunidade grave | Corticosteroides | 1 ou 2 unidades em 48 horas | >18 | 11/4/2016 | 1/12/2023 | 58 | Recrutamento |
| NCT04391101( | III | Pacientes graves tratados na UTI | PC associado a TP | 400-500mL | >18 | 1/6/2020 | 1/12/2021 | 19,2 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04372979( | III | Atendimento precoce de pacientes hospitalizados | PC associado a TP | 200-230mL | 18-80 | 1/5/2020 | 1/5/2021 | 37,3 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04418518( | III | Atendimento precoce a pacientes hospitalizados | PC associado a TP | 500mL de doador único ou 2 unidades de 250mL de 1-2 doações | 18-70 | 24/6/2020 | 1/12/2021 | 15,6 | Recrutamento |
| NCT04355767( | III | Pacientes graves/críticos hospitalizados | PC (títulos de anticorpos ≥1:160) | PC: 1 unidade | >18 | 11/8/2020 | 1/12/2022 | 4,0 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04432103( | III | Pacientes graves/críticos hospitalizados | PC de IgG (pacientes graves | NR | >19 | 19/6/2020 | 30/9/2020 | 84,5 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04348656( | III | Atendimento precoce a pacientes hospitalizados | PC | 500mL de doador único ou 2 unidades de 250mL de 1-2 doações | >20 | 14/5/2020 | 31/12/2020 | 53,2 | Recrutando |
| NCT04425915( | III | Pacientes graves/críticos hospitalizados | PC associado a TP | 2 doses de 250mL em dias consecutivos iniciadas no dia 3 do início dos sintomas | >21 | 14/6/2020 | 30/5/2021 | 26,3 | Recrutando |
| NCT04362176( | III | Pacientes hospitalizados ou em UTI | Patógeno reduzido PC | PC: 500mL em 12 horas (dia 0) | >22 | 24/4/2020 | 1/4/2021 | 41,8 | Recrutando |
| NCT04381858( | III | Insuficiência respiratória grave com ventilação mecânica invasiva | PC (títulos de anticorpos > 1:164) | PC: 400mL (2 unidades) | 16-18 | 6/5/2020 | 30/9/2020 | 89,1 | Recrutando |
| NCT04361253( | III | Pacientes hospitalizados | PC (título alto) | PC-AT 2 doses de 250mL de doador único em 24 horas; PFC: 2 unidades de 200-275mL | >1 | 30/4/2020 | 1/12/2021 | 23,6 | Recrutando |
| NCT04376034( | III | Gravidade leve, moderada e grave/crítica | PC associado a TP | Adultos: 200 a 250mL; crianças: 10mL/kg; 2 unidades de pacientes graves ou em condição crítica | >30 dias | 16/4/2020 | 30/3/2021 | 43,4 | Recrutando |
| NCT04483960( | III | Sem pacientes graves | LPV/Rit | 1 unidade no dia 1 e no dia 2 | >18 | 21/7/2020 | 12/6/2022 | 8,0 | Recrutando |
| NCT04345289( | III | Pacientes hospitalizados com doença leve, moderada e grave/crítica | PC associado a TP (Smab | PC: (2 vezes de 300mL) e dose única de 600mL; placebo: (2 vezes de 300mL) e dose única de 600mL de solução fisiológica IV por placebo: 3 vezes ao dia (7 dias) | >18 | 1/5/2020 | 15/6/2021 | 33,2 | Recrutando |
| NCT04342182( | II-III | Pacientes hospitalizados | PC associado a TP | 300mL (de acordo com o protocolo Erasmus MC KIS) | >18 | 8/4/2020 | 1/7/2020 | 100 | Recrutando |
| NCT04388410( | II-III | Pacientes hospitalizados com doença grave ou risco de doença grave | PC | PC: 2 unidades de 200mL dentro de 24-72 horas; placebo: 200mL de soro fisiológico | >18 | 25/8/2020 | 31/12/2020 | 15,6 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04374526( | II-III | Pacientes hospitalizados | PC associado a TP | 200mL/dia por 3 dias | >65 | 27/5/2020 | 30/6/2021 | 27,6 | Recrutando |
| NCT04384588( | II-III | Pacientes oncológicos e não oncológicos com doença grave | PC associado a TP | 1 ou mais unidades | >15 | 7/4/2020 | 6/4/2021 | 44,0 | Recrutando |
| NCT04425837( | II-III | Pacientes hospitalizados com alto risco de doença grave ou em UTI | PC (títulos de anticorpos ≥1:160) associado a TP | 2 doses de 200mL por dia | >18 | 1/7/2020 | 1/2/2021 | 34,9 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04395170( | II-III | Atendimento precoce a pacientes hospitalizados | PC associado a TP | PC: 200-250mL (dias 1 e 3); Solução IgG a 10%: 50mL (paciente ≥50kg); 1mL/kg (paciente <50Kg), nos dias 1 e 3 | >18 | 1/9/2020 | 1/6/2021 | 4,8 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04380935( | II-III | Pacientes hospitalizados na UTI (usando ventilação mecânica) | PC associado a TP | NR | >18 | 18/5/2020 | 31/10/2020 | 71,7 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04332835( | II-III | Gravidade moderada e grave/crítica | PC associado a TP | 250mL nos dias 1 e 2 | 18-60 | 8/8/2020 | 31/10/2020 | 44,0 | Ainda sem recrutamento |
| NCT04385043( | II-III | Pacientes graves/críticos hospitalizados | PC associado a TP | NR | 18-60 | 1/5/2020 | 15/5/2021 | 35,9 | Recrutando |
| NCT04381936( | II-III | Pacientes hospitalizados com alto risco de doença grave | LPV/Rit | 275mL±75mL nos dias 1 e 2 | Todos | 19/3/2020 | 1/12/2031 | 4,2 | Recrutamento |
A imunoterapia passiva ocorre por meio da infusão de plasma de indivíduos convalescentes, por isto o uso do termo plasma convalescente que também pode ser denominado plasma hiperimune ou plasma convalescente compatível com ABO (tipo sanguíneo).
PC: plasma convalescente; LPV: lopinavir; Rit: ritonavir; HCQ: hidroxicloroquina; IFN-β1a: interferon beta-1a; Anak: anakinra; Tmab: tocilizumabe; Smab: sarilumabe; Vit C: vitamina C; TP: tratamento padrão; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; PP: plasma padrão; IgG: imunoglobulina G; NR: não reportar; HIg: imunoglobulina humana; PFC: plasma fresco congelado; PC24: plasma congelado em 24 horas após a flebotomia; PC-AT plasma convalescente de alto título; IV: intravenoso; Azi: azitromicina.
Figura 2Desenhos de estudo de ensaios clínicos de imunização passiva contra a COVID-19 (terapia com plasma), distribuídos sistematicamente pelos diferentes tipos de alocação (randomizada ou não), mascaramento (nenhum, cegamento único, duplo, triplo e quádruplo), inscrição estimada (variada de 36 a 15 mil indivíduos) e países de estudo. A barra de escala colorida representa o número estimado de voluntários em cada protocolo
Figura 3Distribuição global dos ensaios clínicos por fase (círculos) e os centros que desenvolvem pesquisas em terapia com plasma para COVID-19 (barra vermelha), além de seus centros de recrutamento (cilindros). Os principais centros de cada continente estão destacados na imagem ampliada em torno do mapa central. Fase IV está indicada por círculo verde; fase III, por círculo azul e fases II-III por círculo vermelho. As colaborações intercontinentais dos protocolos de ensaios clínicos de fase IV estão representadas pelas linhas pretas tracejadas no mapa mundial
Estudos que avaliam a eficácia da terapia com plasma em pacientes com COVID-19
| Referências | Amostra | Título de | Dose PC | Carga viral | Tratamentos | Hospitalização | Eventos | Redução da taxa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abolghasemi et al.( | 189/115 PC | Índice de corte de título de anticorpos plasmáticos >1,1 | 2×500mL | NI | TP + antiviral (LPV/Rit), HCQ e agente anti-inflamatório | 9,54 dias PC | Aproximadamente 1% PC Febre leve transitória e calafrios após infusão do plasma (n=1) | 14,8% PC |
| Li et al.( | 103/52 PC (23 graves + 29 com risco de vida) | 1:350 (6 doadores) | 4-13mL/kg | Redução em pacientes graves: 44,7% (24 horas), 68,1% (48 horas) e 87,2% (72 horas) livre de vírus Pacientes com risco de vida: 53,8% (24 horas); 73,1 (48 horas) e 84,6% (72 horas) livre de vírus | Antiviral (41/46; 89,1%); antibacteriano (38/46; 82,6%); fitoterapia chinesa (26/46; 56,5%); corticoides 21/46; 45,7%); antifúngico (15/46; 32,6%); HIg (13/46; 28,3%); Interferon (12/46; 26,1%) | Graves: 32,00 (26,00-40,00); com risco de vida: indeterminado (46,00 - indeterminado) | Aproximadamente 4% PC Calafrios e erupções cutâneas em 2 horas (n=1); falta de ar, cianose e dispneia intensa em 6 horas (n=1) | 15,7% PC |
| Xia et al.( | 1.568/138 | Não significativamente maior nos que responderam de forma rápida ao tratamento do que nos que responderam de forma moderada | 200-1.200mL | 20/25 (80%) ficaram livres de vírus após 14 dias | NI | 2,4% PC | Aproximadamente 2% PC Prurido ou eritema durante a transfusão (n=3) | 2,2% PC |
PC: plasma convalescente; TP: tratamento padrão; NI: não informado; LPV: lopinavir; Rit: ritonavir; HCQ: hidroxicloroquina; HIg: imunoglobulina humana; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.