Jeffrey Desilets1, Chang Sup Lee2, Wei Fang3, David M Hinkle4,5. 1. Ross Eye Institute, 1176 Main St., Buffalo, NY, USA. 2. WVU Eye Institute, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA. 3. West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, WVU Health Sciences Center Erma Byrd Biomedical Research Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA. 4. WVU Eye Institute, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA. dmh15@case.edu. 5. Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson Street, 12th floor #8069, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. dmh15@case.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To explore how endophthalmitis presented from 2009 to 2019 in a West Virginia population particularly affected by the national opioid crisis. The analysis explores the relationship between the type of endophthalmitis and mortality, accounting for factors including age, gender, type of organism, and intravenous drug use (IVDU). METHODS: The electronic health record of West Virginia University (WVU) Medicine was queried for all patients managed for endophthalmitis from October 2009 to October 2019. For each of the included subjects, age, gender, history of IVDU, culture results, concomitant endocarditis, type of endophthalmitis, and the date of diagnosis were extracted. Mortality data were obtained from WVU's electronic medical record, the Social Security Death Index, and public obituaries. Mortality results were represented by a Kaplan-Meier Survival curve following each patient for one year from the date of diagnosis. Results were analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted Cox Proportional Hazard models. RESULTS: One-year mortality was 14 out of 113 endogenous cases (12.4%) compared to 6 out of 173 exogenous cases (3.5%). Endogenous endophthalmitis cases had significantly higher mortality than exogenous ones within one year of diagnosis (p = 0.0034). The unadjusted Cox proportional hazards model revealed that the type of endophthalmitis (endogenous vs. exogenous) was the only variable with a significant impact on 1-year mortality with a hazard ratio of 3.78 (p = 0.01). However, the hazard ratio for endogenous infections rose to 10.91 (CI 3.544-33.595) when the other variables of age, gender, organism, and IVDU were controlled (p < 0.01). The Cox proportional hazard ratios for age group, gender, organism type, and history of IVDU were not significantly different when adjusted for all other variables. CONCLUSION: Endogenous cases, which were significantly overrepresented in West Virginia, were associated with a significantly higher 1-year mortality rate than the exogenous ones. Age, gender, organism type, and history of IVDU have less, if any, modifying effect on mortality.
PURPOSE: To explore how endophthalmitis presented from 2009 to 2019 in a West Virginia population particularly affected by the national opioid crisis. The analysis explores the relationship between the type of endophthalmitis and mortality, accounting for factors including age, gender, type of organism, and intravenous drug use (IVDU). METHODS: The electronic health record of West Virginia University (WVU) Medicine was queried for all patients managed for endophthalmitis from October 2009 to October 2019. For each of the included subjects, age, gender, history of IVDU, culture results, concomitant endocarditis, type of endophthalmitis, and the date of diagnosis were extracted. Mortality data were obtained from WVU's electronic medical record, the Social Security Death Index, and public obituaries. Mortality results were represented by a Kaplan-Meier Survival curve following each patient for one year from the date of diagnosis. Results were analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted Cox Proportional Hazard models. RESULTS: One-year mortality was 14 out of 113 endogenous cases (12.4%) compared to 6 out of 173 exogenous cases (3.5%). Endogenous endophthalmitis cases had significantly higher mortality than exogenous ones within one year of diagnosis (p = 0.0034). The unadjusted Cox proportional hazards model revealed that the type of endophthalmitis (endogenous vs. exogenous) was the only variable with a significant impact on 1-year mortality with a hazard ratio of 3.78 (p = 0.01). However, the hazard ratio for endogenous infections rose to 10.91 (CI 3.544-33.595) when the other variables of age, gender, organism, and IVDU were controlled (p < 0.01). The Cox proportional hazard ratios for age group, gender, organism type, and history of IVDU were not significantly different when adjusted for all other variables. CONCLUSION: Endogenous cases, which were significantly overrepresented in West Virginia, were associated with a significantly higher 1-year mortality rate than the exogenous ones. Age, gender, organism type, and history of IVDU have less, if any, modifying effect on mortality.