Investigating tradeoffs between supply, use and demand of ecosystem services and their effective drivers for sustainable environmental management.

Ecosystems have a huge impact on social systems through providing diverse services. Sustainable management of social and ecological systems requires the quantification of spatial relationships between the supply, demand, and use of these ecosystem services. The main purpose of this paper was to provide a framework addressing all the complicated relationships of ecosystem services between ecological and social systems. Sustainable management cannot be achieved without considering these complex relationships. To simplify these complexities, management priorities must be identified. In this study, spatial changes of supply, use, and demand of ecosystem services and their main drivers were investigated. A Public Participation Geographic Information System was used to map the supply, demand and use of 19 ecosystem services in semiarid landscapes of Iran. Multi Criteria Decision Making methods were also used to link ecosystem services to social well-being. The main drivers of tradeoffs between supply, use, and demand of ecosystem services were determined using General Linear Method. The results showed that there was a synergy between supply, demand and use of ecosystem services in highlands. The deficit zones of ecosystem services were concentrated in lowlands. Provisioning services were the most important services for social well-being. The framework presented in this paper revealed all the complex relationships that the environmental management is faced with in ecosystem and social systems. Simplifying integrated relationships in both ecosystems (supply) and social systems (demand and use) helps sustainable management of ecosystems under environmental and social changes.