| Literature DB >> 33795903 |
Carlos A Ordoñez1,2,3, Michael W Parra4, Mauricio Millán3,5, Yaset Caicedo6, Mónica Guzmán-Rodríguez7, Natalia Padilla6, Juan Carlos Salamea-Molina8,9, Alberto García1,2,3, Adolfo González-Hadad2,10,11, Luis Fernando Pino2,10, Mario Alain Herrera2,10, Fernando Rodríguez-Holguín1, José Julián Serna1,1,3,10, Alexander Salcedo1,1,3,10, Gonzalo Aristizábal1, Claudia Orlas12,13, Ricardo Ferrada2,11, Thomas Scalea14, Rao Ivatury15.
Abstract
The liver is the most commonly affected solid organ in cases of abdominal trauma. Management of penetrating liver trauma is a challenge for surgeons but with the introduction of the concept of damage control surgery accompanied by significant technological advancements in radiologic imaging and endovascular techniques, the focus on treatment has changed significantly. The use of immediately accessible computed tomography as an integral tool for trauma evaluations for the precise staging of liver trauma has significantly increased the incidence of conservative non-operative management in hemodynamically stable trauma victims with liver injuries. However, complex liver injuries accompanied by hemodynamic instability are still associated with high mortality rates due to ongoing hemorrhage. The aim of this article is to perform an extensive review of the literature and to propose a management algorithm for hemodynamically unstable patients with penetrating liver injury, via an expert consensus. It is important to establish a multidisciplinary approach towards the management of patients with penetrating liver trauma and hemodynamic instability. The appropriate triage of these patients, the early activation of an institutional massive transfusion protocol, and the early control of hemorrhage are essential landmarks in lowering the overall mortality of these severely injured patients. To fear is to fear the unknown, and with the management algorithm proposed in this manuscript, we aim to shed light on the unknown regarding the management of the patient with a severely injured liver.Entities:
Keywords: REBOA; REBOVC; abdominal Injuries; algorithms; blood loss Surgical; hospital emergency service; laparotomy; liver; penetrating hemodynamically unstable liver trauma
Year: 2020 PMID: 33795903 PMCID: PMC7968427 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i4.4422.4365
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) Classification of Liver Injury
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| I | Subcapsular hematoma <10% surface area |
| Parenchymal laceration <1 cm depth | |
| Capsular tear | |
| II | Subcapsular hematoma 10-50% surface area; intraparenchymal hematoma < 10 cm in diameter |
| Laceration 1-3 cm in depth and ≤10 cm length | |
| III | Subcapsular hematoma >50% surface area; ruptured subcapsular or intraparenchymal hematoma |
| Intraparenchymal hematoma >10 cm | |
| Laceration >3 cm depth with active bleeding. | |
| IV | Parenchymal disruption involving 25-75% of a hepatic lobe or liver injury that involving 1-3 liver segments with active bleeding |
| V | Parenchymal disruption >75% of hepatic lobe or more than 3 liver segments |
| Juxtahepatic venous injury to include retrohepatic vena cava and central major hepatic veins |
Figure 1Surgical Management of Hemodynamically Unstable Penetrating Liver Trauma
Figure 2(A) Complex Penetrating Liver Injury; (B) Combined Open and Endovascular Liver Isolation with REBOA, REBOVC and Pringle Maneuver. The open and endovascular liver isolation is achieved performing the REBOA in Zone 1 and REBOVC at the level of the retrohepatic vena cava with the goal of achieving proximal and distal vascular control of a possible retro/suprahepatic vessel injury. The Pringle maneuver is obtained via the hepatoduodenal ligament clamping.
Clasificación de la asociación americana de cirugía de trauma (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma - AAST) de las lesiones hepáticas
| Grado | Descripción |
|---|---|
| I | Hematoma subcapsular < 10% del área de superficie |
| Laceración del parénquima < 1 cm de profundidad | |
| Desgarro Capsular | |
| II | Hematoma subcapsular 10-50% del área de superficie; hematoma intraparenquimatoso < 10 cm de diámetro |
| Laceración de 1-3 cm de profundidad y ≤ 10 cm de largo | |
| III | Hematoma subcapsular >50% del área de superficie; ruptura subcapsular o hematoma intraparenquimatoso |
| Hematoma intraparenquimatoso >10 cm | |
| Laceración >3 cm de profundidad, con sangrado activo | |
| IV | Desgarro del parénquima del 25-75% del lóbulo hepático. 1-3 segmentos, con sangrado activo. |
| V | Desgarro del parénquima >75% del lóbulo hepático. Mas de tres segmentos |
| Lesiones venosas juxtahepáticas incluyendo la vena cava retrohepática y las venas hepáticas centrales |
Figura 1Algoritmo de manejo del trauma hepático penetrante con inestabilidad hemodinámica
Figura 2(A) Trauma hepático penetrante complejo; (B) Aislamiento hepático endovascular y abierto con REBOA, REBOVC y maniobra de Pringle. El aislamiento hepático endovascular y abierto se logra inflando el REBOA en la Zona 1 entre la arteria subclavia izquierda y el tronco celiaco y el REBOVC debe desplegarse por encima del origen de la vena suprahepática. El aislamiento abierto se logra realizando la maniobra de Pringle realizando un clampeo del hilio hepático. Esta maniobra no puede superar más de 30 minutos por el riesgo de lesión por isquemia.
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| The liver is the most commonly affected solid organ in cases of abdominal trauma. This article aims to propose a management algorithm for hemodynamically unstable patients with penetrating liver injury. |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| It is important to establish a multidisciplinary approach towards the management of patients with penetrating liver trauma and hemodynamic instability. The appropriate triage of these patients, the early activation of an institutional massive transfusion protocol, and the early control of hemorrhage are essential landmarks in lowering the overall mortality of these severely injured patients |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| To fear is to fear the unknown, and with the management algorithm proposed in this manuscript, we aim to shed light on the unknown regarding the management of the patient with a severely injured liver. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| El hígado es el órgano solido más comúnmente lesionado en casos de trauma abdominal. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un algoritmo de manejo acerca del abordaje de los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables con trauma hepático penetrante. |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| El manejo debe ser por parte de un equipo multidisciplinario que comienza desde la evaluación inicial de los pacientes, la activación temprana de protocolo de transfusión masiva y el control temprano de la hemorragia, siendo estos aspectos esenciales para disminuir la mortalidad |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| El miedo a lo desconocido es el dilema quirúrgico donde existen pocas opciones y es imperante decisiones rápidas y oportunas; por esta razón, se propone dar una luz de guía sobre lo desconocido respecto al manejo del paciente con trauma hepático severo. |