Essential Newborn Care Service Readiness and Barriers in Northwest Ethiopia: A Descriptive Survey and Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the efforts put forth in improving neonatal survival, there is still a high rate of neonatal morbidity and mortality in northwest Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the essential newborn care service readiness scores and explore the health facility-related barriers in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 16 health facilities (14 health centers and two hospitals) and twelve in-depth interviews were included in the study in three randomly selected districts of North Gondar Zone. A pretested health facility inventory questionnaire customized from the World Health Organization (WHO) service readiness assessment tool was used for a facility audit. Basic emergency and essential obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC), and child immunization service readiness scores were determined using unweighted averages according to the WHO guideline. Descriptive statistics were done for the quantitative data, and thematic content analysis was employed using NVivo 12 software for the qualitative data.
RESULTS: All the surveyed health facilities had no specialist medical doctors, and 50% (8/16) of them had no inpatient beds. The overall BEmONC service readiness score was 62.7% (10/16) (95% CI: 34.8, 83.8) and only one facility had all the tracer items. Trained staff and guidelines had a 27.5% (4/16) readiness score, followed by 71.9% (12/16) readiness score for equipment, and 88.6% (14/16) readiness score for medicine and commodities. The overall child immunization service readiness score was 90.3% (15/16) (95% CI: 51.4, 94.7) and eleven facilities (68.8%) had all the tracer items. The immunization service readiness score was higher; 84.4% (14/16) for trained staff and guidelines, 92.8% (15/16) for equipment, and 93.8% (15/16) for medicines and commodities. Unavailability of equipment, shortage of supplies, and lack of respectful and compassionate healthcare practices were the key facility-related barriers compromising essential newborn care service readiness. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: The survey revealed that the essential newborn care service readiness score of the health facilities was low, and it calls for improving BEmONC service readiness in particular. Provision of timely training for newly recruited staff, fulfilling essential equipment, and steady supply is imperative.

Background

Neonatal mortality is a major public health problem worldwide. The global number of neonatal death was 2.5 million in 2018, which were 47% of all under-five deaths and this figure has increased from 40% in 1990.1 In Ethiopia, the neonatal mortality rate decreased from 39 to 30 per 1000 live births from 2005 to 2019 in contrast its share in under-five mortality has increased from 31% to 55%. Moreover, neonatal mortality has remained stable since 2016.2

The health facility readiness for essential newborn care service is vital for increasing access to quality neonatal care,3 increasing utilization of newborn care services,4 and ultimately increases neonatal survival.5 The health facility readiness for essential newborn care also indicates health system readiness to manage delivery and childbirth complications.6 A study has shown that proper essential newborn care services would reduce up to 85% of neonatal deaths annually.7

Newborn care is one of the components among the prior agendas of Ethiopia in the second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP).8 The government is continuously strengthening the health facility readiness for essential newborn care services through a three-tier healthcare delivery system. The first tier comprising primary (district) hospital, health centers, and their satellite health posts connected by a referral system. The second tier is a general hospital serving a population of 1 to 1.5 million people, and the third level is a specialized hospital serving a population of 3.5 to 5 million people.9

In Ethiopia, 55% of the health facilities, excluding health posts provided, the delivery service. The mean readiness level of the tracer items to provide BEmONC service was 68% and none of these facilities had all the tracer items.10 However, there is a shortage of evidence to measure the readiness level and barriers of essential newborn care services among health facilities in Northwest Ethiopia.

Despite the efforts made in improving neonatal outcomes, there is still a high rate of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia, and Northwest Ethiopia in particular. A recent study finding revealed that the incidence of neonatal morbidity and the case fatality rate were found to be 27.8% and 14.9%, respectively among health facility deliveries in Northwest Ethiopia.11 Facility readiness and quality of care are among the major transformation agendas in Ethiopia, assessing the readiness level and barriers to health facilities is crucial to capture a selected set of data and triangulate various sources to improve the accuracy of health interventions. But, little is known regarding the current readiness level of health facilities to provide appropriate essential newborn care services in Northwest Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to fill this gap by determining the current essential newborn care service readiness score and exploring the health facility-related barriers in Northwest Ethiopia. The findings were important in planning intervention programs to improve the survival of neonates in the study area and other similar settings.

Methods

Study Setting and Context

This health facility survey and in-depth interview were conducted among health facilities providing delivery services in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. This administrative zone is structured in six districts and two city administrations. Debark city, which is the capital of the zone, is 820-kilo meters away from Addis Ababa. According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), the area has an estimated total population of 887,869 individuals, 37 health facilities providing delivery services (two hospitals and 35 health centers), and 1230 healthcare workers in 2016/17.12 The survey was done in March 2019.

Selection of the Health Facilities and Key Informants

First, three districts were randomly selected (Dabat, Debark, and Janamora districts) out of eight in the North Gondar administrative zone. Then, the facility audit was done in all the 16 health facilities providing delivery services in the three randomly selected districts. Two district hospitals and 14 health centers were included in the survey.

To have an in-depth understanding of the health facility-related barriers for essential newborn care services, 12 key informant interviews (KII) were conducted with Maternal and Child Health (MCH) focal persons, Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) focal persons, and senior MCH experts in six health facilities. Key informants were selected purposely based on their close relationship with neonates and assumed to be rich sources of information on the research in question, and at least two interviews were included per facility. The number of KII was determined based on the level of saturation.

Study Design and Data Collection

A cross-sectional survey was done to collect health facility data on the essential newborn care services readiness scores in Northwest Ethiopia. A health facility inventory questionnaire customized from the WHO service readiness assessment tool13 was used to collect quantitative data. An explorative study was employed to explore the health facility-related barriers to the uptake of essential newborn care services.

Pretesting of the survey questionnaire was done outside the study area and adjustments were made. Data were collected by two trained first-degree nurses under the supervision of the investigators. The data collectors used observation checklists of the essential items to determine the availability and the functionality of equipment, medicines, and commodities for BEmONC and child immunization. Then, data was extracted from the District Health Information Software (DHIS2) register of the included health facilities. The consistency and completeness of the data were regularly checked by supervisors (a clinician and researchers) throughout the entire data collection period.

Initially, the survey questionnaire was prepared in English. This survey questionnaire was translated into the local language, Amharic, and back to English by translators who were bilingual and competent in the two languages to check the content validity.

Before the commencement of the study, ethical clearance was secured from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Gondar (UoG), and permission letters were secured from each district health institution’s officials. To ensure confidentiality, codes were used for each health facility and interviewee.

Measurements

Essential newborn care is a set of practices provided by healthcare workers and mothers to every newborn during delivery.5

Essential newborn care service readiness refers to the presence of essential infrastructure, functioning equipment, supplies, medicines that are in-stock and non-expired, trained staff, and current guidelines to provide the services.13 BEmONC and child immunization services readiness scores were determined using the three domains (trained staff and guidelines, equipment, and medicines and commodities). Readiness indices were calculated using unweighted averages based on the WHO guideline. BEmONC and child immunization service readiness scores were equal to the sum of the means that were obtained for each tracer item in each domain, divided by the total number of items in the domain, and then multiplied by 100.

Data Management and Analysis

The survey data collected on the paper were entered and cleaned using the Epi-Info version 7.1.5.0 software. Cleaning was made for accuracy, completeness, and consistency. The cleaned data were exported to STATA version 14 software to determine the service readiness scores. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the readiness score indices and chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables.

The qualitative data were transcribed and translated from Amharic into the English language. Then, codes were identified and tallied to come up with some categories, which were later used to establish themes. Finally, thematic content analysis was done using NVivo 12 software and the findings were triangulated with the quantitative findings.

Results

Characteristics of the Health Facilities

Among the 16 health facilities included in this survey; 87.5% (14/16) were health centers, 62.5% (10/16) of them provided inpatient services, and half of them had no inpatient beds. All facilities lack specialist medical doctors and only hospitals had generalist medical doctors. The mean number of outpatient visits per year was 6970 for health centers and 44,507 for hospitals (Table 1).

Table 1

Characteristics of Health Facilities, Northwest Ethiopia (N=16), March 2019

Variables	Category	Frequency n (%)
District	Dabat	5 (31.2)
	Debark	7 (43.8)
	Janamora	4 (25.0)
Health facility type	Health centers	14 (87.5)
	Hospitals	2 (12.5)
Place of health facility	Urban	8 (50)
	Rural	8 (50)
Availability of healthcare workers
Generalist medical doctors	No	14 (87.5)
	Yes (hospitals)	2 (12.5)
Specialist medical doctors	No	16 (100)
Health officers	No	3 (18.8)
	1 or 2	7 (43.7)
	3 or 4	6 (37.5)
Midwives	1 or 2	5 (31.2)
	3 or 4	7 (43.7)
	5 or more	4 (25)
Nurses	2–5	5 (31.2)
	6 and above	11 (68.8)
Pharmacists	No	2 (12.5)
	One	8 (50)
	Two or more	6 (37.5)
Laboratory technicians	No	7 (43.7)
	One	6 (37.5)
	Two or more	3 (18.7)
Availability of services and beds
Provision of inpatient services	No	10 (62.5)
	Yes	6 (37.5)
Number of inpatient beds (including pediatric beds)	No	8 (50)
	1 or 2	2 (12.5)
	3 or 4	3 (18.7)
	5 or more	4 (25)
Number of maternity beds (excluding delivery beds)	No	3 (18.7)
	1 or 2	3 (18.7)
	3 or 4	5 (31.2)
	5 or more	5 (31.2)
Mean number of outpatient visit per year	Health centers	6970 (SD=4910, Min=1804, Max=19,198)
	Hospitals	44,507 (SD=30,555, Min=22,901, Max=66,113)
The mean catchment area of facilities	Health centers	26,514 (SD=11,668, Min=10,132, Max=43,909)
	Hospitals	760,280 (SD=1,046,122, Min=20,560, Max=1.5 million)

BEmONC Services Readiness Score

The overall BEmONC service readiness score was 62.7% (10/16), and only one health facility had all the tracer items in the three domains (trained staff and guidelines, equipment, and medicines and commodities). Trained staff and guidelines had a readiness score of 27.5% (4/16) (Figure 1). It is the lowest domain score of BEmONC services, and only two facilities had all the tracer items. Relatively low trained staff and guideline readiness domain score was recorded among health facilities in Dabat district (12%, <1/5), and rural setting health facilities (17.5%, 1/8). The survey also revealed that three-fourth of the health facilities lack essential newborn care guidelines, and more than 81% (13/16) of staff did not get training on essential childbirth in the past two years (Table 2).

Figure 1

Health facilities BEmONC service readiness score in Northwest Ethiopia (N=16), March 2019.

Table 2

BEmONC Services Readiness Based on the Type of Health Facility, Administrative District, and Place of Health Facility in Northwest Ethiopia (N=16), March 2019

Characteristics	All Facilities % (n=16)	Type of Health Facility		Administrative District			Place of Health Facility
		HC % (n=14)	Ho % (n=2)	Dabat % (n=5)	Debark % (n=7)	Janamora % (n=4)	Urban% (n=8)	Rural % (n=8)
Trained staff and guidelines
Guidelines for essential childbirth care	18.8 (3)	14.3 (2)	50.0 (1)	0.0 (0)	28.6 (2)	25.0 (1)	25.0 (2)	12.5 (1)
Guidelines for essential newborn care	25.0 (4)	21.4 (3)	50.0 (1)	20.0 (1)	28.6 (2)	25.0 (1)	37.5 (3)	12.5 (1)
Staff trained in essential childbirth care in the past two years	18.8 (3)	14.3 (2)	50.0 (1)	0.0 (0)	42.9 (3)	0.0 (0)	25.0 (2)	12.5 (1)
Staff trained in newborn resuscitation in the past two years	50.0 (8)	42.9 (6)	100 (2)	40.0 (2)	57.1 (4)	50.0 (2)	75.0 (6)	25.0 (2)
Check-lists and/or job-aids for essential child birth care	25.0 (4)	21.4 (3)	50.0 (1)	0.0 (0)	42.9 (3)	25.0 (1)	25.0 (2)	25.0 (2)
Domain mean score	27.5 (4)	22.9 (3)	60 (1)	12.0 (<1)	40.0 (3)	25.0 (1)	37.5 (3)	17.5 (1)
Equipment
Emergency transport	43.8 (7)	35.7 (5)	100 (2)	40.0 (2)	42.9 (3)	50.0 (2)	75.0 (6)	12.5 (1)
Sterilization equipment	100 (16)	100 (14)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	100 (4)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Examination light	25.0 (4)	14.3 (2)	100 (2)	100 (5)	28.6 (2)	50.0 (2)	37.5 (3)	12.5 (1)
Delivery pack	87.5 (14)	85.7 (12)	100 (2)	80.0 (4)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	75.0 (6)
Suction apparatus	81.3 (13)	78.6 (11)	100 (2)	80.0 (4)	71.4 (5)	100 (4)	100 (8)	62.5 (5)
Manual vacuum extractor	37.5 (6)	28.6 (4)	100 (2)	20.0 (1)	28.6 (2)	75.0 (3)	62.5 (5)	12.5 (1)
Vacuum aspirator	25.0 (4)	14.3 (2)	100 (2)	0.0 (0)	28.6 (2)	50.0 (2)	37.5 (3)	12.5 (1)
Neonatal bag and mask	100 (16)	100 (14)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	100 (4)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Delivery bed	100 (16)	100 (14)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	100 (4)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Partograph	87.5 (14)	85.7 (12)	100 (2)	100 (5)	71.4 (5)	100 (4)	100 (8)	75.0 (6)
Gloves	100 (16)	100 (14)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	100 (4)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Infant weighing scale	100 (16)	100 (14)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	100 (4)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Blood pressure apparatus	93.8 (15)	92.9 (12)	100 (2)	80.0 (4)	100 (7)	100 (4)	87.5 (7)	100 (8)
Soap and running water	25.0 (4)	14.3 (2)	100 (2)	0.0 (0)	28.6 (2)	50.0 (2)	37.5 (3)	12.5 (1)
Domain mean score	71.9 (12)	67.9 (10)	100 (2)	71.4 (4)	71.4 (5)	82.1 (3)	81.3 (7)	62.5 (5)
Medicines and commodities
Antibiotic eye ointment	87.5 (14)	85.7 (12)	100 (2)	100 (4)	85.7 (6)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	75.0 (6)
Injectable uterotonic	81.3 (13)	78.6 (11)	100 (2)	80.0 (4)	85.7 (6)	75.0 (3)	75.0 (6)	87.5 (7)
Injectable antibiotic	100 (16)	100 (14)	100 (2)	100 (4)	100 (7)	100 (4)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Magnesium sulphate	100 (16)	100 (14)	100 (2)	100 (4)	100 (7)	100 (4)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Skin disinfectant	75 (12)	71.4 (10)	100 (2)	60.0 (3)	71.4 (5)	100 (4)	87.5 (7)	62.5 (5)
Intravenous solution with infusion set	87.5 (14)	85.7 (12)	100 (2)	60.0 (3)	71.4 (5)	100 (4)	75.0 (6)	100 (8)
Domain mean score	88.6 (14)	87.0 (12)	100 (2)	83.3 (4)	72.9 (6)	91.7 (4)	89.6 (7)	87.5 (7)
Overall mean availability of tracer items	62.7 (10)	59.3 (8)	86.7 (2)	55.6 (3)	61.4 (5)	66.3 (2)	69.5 (6)	55.8 (4)
Percent of facilities with all items	6.3 (1)	0.0 (0)	50.0 (1)	0.0 (0)	14.3 (1)	0.0 (0)	12.5 (1)	0.0 (0)

The readiness score of equipment was 71.9% (12/16). All hospitals and most urban health facilities had the items in the domain. However, only two health facilities had all the domain items. Examination light, vacuum aspirator, and alcohol-based hand rub were available only in a quarter of health facilities. Besides, emergency transport and manual vacuum extractor were available among 43.8% (7/16) and 37.5% (6/16) health facilities, respectively.

Medicine and commodities readiness score was 88.6% (14/16), and half of the health facilities had all the domain items. All hospitals and most urban health facilities had the items in the domain. On the other hand, skin disinfectant, injectable uterotonic, antibiotic eye ointment, and intravenous solution with infusion sets were available in 75% (12/16), 81.3% (13/16), 87.5% (14/16), and 87.5% (14/16) health facilities, respectively.

Child Immunization Services Readiness Score

The overall readiness of child immunization services among health facilities was 90.3% (15/16), and 68.8% (11/16) health facilities had all the tracer items in the three domains (trained staff and guidelines, equipment, and medicines and commodities). Trained staff and guidelines had a readiness score of 84.4% (14/16) (Figure 2). However, child immunization services were ready for half (2/4) of the health facilities in the Janamora district, and 75% (6/8) of the rural health facilities in the study area (Table 3).

Figure 2

Health facilities child immunization service readiness score in Northwest Ethiopia (N=16), March 2019.

Table 3

Child Immunization Services Readiness Based on the Type of Health Facility, Administrative District, and Place of Health Facility in Northwest Ethiopia (N=16), March 2019

Characteristics	All Facilities % (n=16)	Type of Health Facility		Administrative District			Place of Health Facility
		HC % (n=14)	Ho % (n=2)	Dabat % (n=5)	Debark % (n=7)	Janamora % (n=4)	Urban% (n=8)	Rural % (n=8)
Trained staff and guidelines
Guidelines available in child immunization	81.3 (13)	78.6 (11)	100 (2)	80.0 (4)	100 (7)	50.0 (2)	87.5 (7)	75.0 (6)
At least one staff trained on child immunization	87.5 (14)	85.7 (12)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	50.0 (2)	100 (8)	75.0 (6)
Domain mean score	84.4 (14)	82.2 (12)	100 (2)	90.0 (5)	100 (7)	50.0 (2)	93.8 (8)	75.0 (6)
Equipment
Auto-disposable syringes	100 (16)	100 (16)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	100 (2)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Cold box with ice packs	93.4 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	87.5 (7)
Refrigerator	93.4 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	87.5 (7)
Sharps container	100 (16)	100 (16)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	100 (2)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Adequate refrigerator temperature	93.4 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	87.5 (7)
Immunization cards	87.5 (14)	92.9 (13)	50.0 (1)	100 (5)	100 (7)	50.0 (2)	87.5 (7)	87.5 (7)
Immunization tally sheets	87.5 (14)	85.7 (12)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	50.0 (2)	100 (8)	75.0 (6)
The temperature monitoring device in a refrigerator	87.5 (14)	85.7 (12)	100 (2)	80.0 (4)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	87.5 (7)	87.5 (7)
Domain mean score	92.8 (15)	92.9 (13)	93.8 (2)	97.5 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	96.9 (8)	89.1 (7)
Medicines and commodities
DPT-HiB+HepB vaccine	93.8 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	87.5 (7)
BCG vaccine	93.8 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	87.5 (7)
Measles vaccine	93.8 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	87.5 (7)
Oral polio vaccine	93.8 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	100 (8)
Pneumococcal vaccine	93.8 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	87.5 (7)
Rotavirus vaccine	93.8 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	87.5 (7)
Domain mean score	93.8 (15)	92.9 (13)	100 (2)	100 (5)	100 (7)	75.0 (3)	100 (8)	89.6 (7)
Mean availability of tracer items	90.3 (15)	89.3 (13)	97.9 (2)	95.8 (5)	100 (7)	66.7 (3)	96.9 (8)	84.6 (7)
Percent of facilities with all items	68.8 (11)	71.4 (10)	50.0 (1)	60.0 (3)	100 (7)	25.0 (1)	62.5 (5)	75.0 (6)

The equipment readiness score was found to be 92.8% (15/16). Unlike Debark district health facilities which had 100% (7/7) domain items, Janamora district health facilities lack one-third (1/4) of these domain items. The readiness score and mean availability of tracer items of medicines and commodities was 93.8% (15/16). However, one-fourth (1/4) of the medicine and commodities tracer items were lacking among health facilities in the Janamora district.

Chi-Square Test

Among health facilities, health centers had the lowest (35.7%, 5/14) BEmONC service readiness score as compared to hospitals (100%, 2/2), and this was statistically significant (p<0.05) (Table 4). Health facilities in urban areas had a 62.5% (5/8) BEmONC readiness score, and health facilities having six or more inpatient beds had a 100% (2/2) BEmONC readiness score (p<0.05). Child immunization service readiness score was highest (100%) for Dabat (5/5) and Debark (7/7) district health facilities, and low (50%, 2/4) among health facilities in Janamora district (p<0.05). Health facilities providing healthcare for the community within the recommended catchment population size had full immunization readiness (100%, 12/12) in the study area (p<0.005).

Table 4

BEmONC and Child Immunization Services Readiness Scores Among Health Facilities in Northwest Ethiopia (16), March 2019

Variable	BEmONC Readiness			p-value	Child Immunization Readiness			p-value
	Yes (%)	No (%)	Total		Yes (%)	No (%)	Total
Administrative district
Dabat	1 (20)	4 (80)	5	0.423	5 (100)	0 (0)	5	0.032*
Debark	4 (57.1)	3 (42.9)	7		7 (100)	0 (0)	7
Janamora	2 (50)	2 (50)	4		2 (50)	2 (50.0)	4
Facility type
Hospitals	2 (100)	0 (0)	2	0.001**	2 (100)	0 (0)	2	0.568
Health centers	5 (35.7)	9 (64.3)	14		12 (85.7)	2 (12.5)	14
Facility location
Urban	5 (62.5)	3 (37.5)	8	0.045*	8 (100)	0 (0)	8	0.131
Rural	2 (25)	6 (75)	8		6 (75)	2 (25)	8
Provision of inpatient services
No	3 (30)	7 (70)	10	0.152	8 (80)	2 (20)	10	0.242
Yes	4 (66.7)	2 (33.3)	6		6 (100)	0 (0)	6
Number of inpatient beds
0–5 beds	5 (35.7)	9 (64.3)	14	0.015*	12 (85.7)	2 (14.3)	14	0.568
≥6 beds	2 (100)	0 (0)	2		2 (100)	0 (0)	2
Newborn deaths from random deliveries
No	4 (40)	6 (60)	10	0.696	9 (90)	1 (10)	10	0.719
Yes	3 (50)	3 (50)	6		5 (83.3)	1 (16.7)	6
Number of newborn illnesses from random deliveries
Five or less	3 (33.3)	6 (66.7)	9	0.341	8 (88.9)	1 (11.1)	9	0.849
Six or more	4 (57.1)	3 (42.9)	7		6 (85.7)	1 (14.3)	7
Facility overall newborn care quality during delivery (mean=66.3%)
Below the mean	3 (75)	1 (25)	4	0.303	3 (75)	1 (25)	4	0.658
Mean and above	3 (42.9)	4 (57.1)	7		6 (85.7)	1 (14.3)	7
Number of outpatient visits per year
< Standard deviation	5 (55.6)	4 (44.4)	9	0.280	7 (77.8)	2 (22.2)	9	0.003*
≥ Standard deviation	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)	7		7 (100)	0 (0)	7
The mean catchment area of facilities
Within the standard	6 (50)	6 (50)	12	0.383	12 (100)	0 (0)	12	0.005*
Above the standard	1 (25)	3 (75)	4		2 (50)	2 (50)	4

Note: *p < 0.05, and **p < 0.01.

Barriers of Essential Newborn Care Service Provision

The barriers of essential newborn services were thematized into two categories: health facility supply-side and healthcare workers (HCW) perspective.

Health Facility Supply Side

Lack of timely training for newly recruited staffs, unavailability of equipment (eg vacuum aspirator, delivery coach), shortage of medicines and commodities (eg Magnesium sulfate and BCG vaccine), and light interruption were health facility-related barriers to uptake BEmONC and child immunization services in the study area. Lack of timely training was among the repeatedly reported barriers to the provision of essential newborn services. Most of the surveyed health facilities are relatively distant and suffer from high staff turn-over.

A 28-year-old MCH focal person, and key informant interviewee, in the Janamora district, said; “Lack of timely training for newly employed staff was the most common barrier for them to provide appropriate BEmONC services.”

BEmONC services need various equipment; including an electrical vacuum aspirator, and delivery coaches, for appropriate essential newborn care service provision. A 35 years old female BSc nurse key informant interviewee expressed, “I could not give quality BEmONC services, because the electrical vacuum aspirator is not working, and the delivery coach is outdated.”

BEmONC and child immunization needs medicines and commodities. Unavailability of magnesium sulfate and BCG vaccine were the most frequently reported items.

A midwife with eight years of experience and who was an EPI focal person key informant interviewee said,

I could not believe that we are providing full immunizations schedules, because BCG vaccine is not timely available, and some antigens supplied lately. This affects full immunization coverage and wastage of antigens due to late supply of antigens.

She also added that “Magnesium sulfate is mostly unavailable in our health facility, leading to life-threatening conditions to the neonate and the mother.”

Light interruption affects the essential newborn care services by disturbing the cold chain process. A 28-year-old EPI focal person shared,

I do not believe that the quality of BCG and other antigens, which need cold chain is good, because it would be disrupted by the frequent light interruption and may lose its effectiveness.

Healthcare Workers’ Perspective

Poor customer handling or poor caring, respectful, and compassionate (CRC) healthcare practices, poor teamwork, and delegation practice were the barriers from the HCWs side.

A midwife with six years of experience and who was a key informant interviewee affirmed,

In my experience and observation, most HCWs had poor customer handling and they did not adhere to CRC principles during BEmONC and child immunization service provisions. Lack of teamwork and delegation system for tasks under certain circumstances is a problem.

Discussion

This study was designed to determine the essential newborn care service readiness scores and to explore the health facility-related barriers of newborn care in Northwest Ethiopia. Subsequently, the overall BEmONC service readiness score was 62.7% (10/16), and 90.3% (15/16) overall readiness score was recorded for child immunization services. Lack of timely training for newly recruited staff, unavailability of equipment (eg vacuum aspirator, delivery coach), shortage of medicines and commodities (eg Magnesium sulfate and BCG vaccine), and light interruption emerged as health facility-related barriers. Poor customer handling, lack of respectful and compassionate (CRC) healthcare practices, poor teamwork, and poor delegation practices were the barriers from the HCW’s side.

The overall readiness score to provide BEmONC in Northwest Ethiopia was lower than the national figure and other similar studies in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC).10,14–18 The 62.7% (10/16) overall BEmONC service readiness score refers to the fact that only 62.7% of all facilities in the study area were ready to provide BEmONC as per the WHO requirements13 such as trained staff and guidelines, equipment, and medicines and commodities. There is only one health facility which had all the tracer items as per WHO guideline. Lack of trained staff and equipment could be the possible explanations for the disparity. The key informant interview finding also argued that there is a gap in timely training for newly employed staff, CRC healthcare, and teamwork practices, which might have implications to the health system.

BEmONC service readiness score was higher in hospitals rather than health centers, and this finding was supported by similar studies in Bangladesh, Madagascar, and Tanzania.15,16,18 Arguably, equipment, medicines, and commodities are relatively available in hospitals. The availability of equipment and supplies could lead to high patient flow, this would help for the retention of complex skills of healthcare workers, and these all issues could attribute to a better hospital BEmONC service readiness score.19

Trained staff and guidelines availability level for BEmONC was the lowest domain score (27.5%, 4/16). This indicates that the majority of the health facilities lack BEmONC trained staff and guidelines, which might have a detrimental impact on the quality of care and neonatal outcome. A similar study in Nepal also indicated that it was the lowest domain score, but the real figure was higher (51.3%) than the current finding.14 The difference could be due to variations in the curricula of health education, distribution of guidelines, and the healthcare system.

Only 18.8% (3/16) of the health facilities had staff trained in essential childbirth care in the past two years in 2019, which is a little higher than the previous studies done in Ethiopia.20,21 However, the national Health Sector Development Programme (HSDP) for the year 2010 to 2015 has given the focus on developing critical workforce skills for improving the quality of healthcare in Ethiopia with due emphasis on standard in-service training.22 Hence, BEmONC staffs among health facilities in Northwest Ethiopia are behind the national HSDP and WHO guidelines,13,22 which might disturb the reduction of child mortality and morbidity of the study area.

Besides, only 25% (4/16) of the assessed health facilities had important equipment such as examination light, vacuum aspirator or D&C kit, soap, and running water or alcohol-based hand rub. This indicates that only one-quarter of the health facilities in the study area could provide basic preventive care using soap and running water during delivery. However, a similar study in Bangladesh and Nepal showed that more than 80% of the health facilities had essential equipment.14,16 The absence of such equipment has a clear effect on screening services during childbirth care. This was a common challenge identified by other studies.23 The lack of progress through time entails further concerted efforts by district health offices, health facility administration, healthcare workers, and other stakeholders. Furthermore, the unavailability of equipment (eg vacuum aspirator, delivery coach), shortage of medicines, and commodities (eg Magnesium sulfate) might also contribute to the variation in the study area.

This study revealed that the child immunization service readiness score was 90.3% (15/16), and two-third of the facilities (68.8%, 11/16) had all the tracer items for child immunization services. This finding was supported by a similar study in Bangladesh.24 On the other hand, the current study finding was higher than the findings of the national SARA in Ethiopia.10 This figure was higher in health centers and a half for hospitals in Mongolia.25 This could be due to the similarity of the assessment methods as recommended by the SARA reference manual,26 differences in the healthcare system, and progress through time. Assessing the readiness of health facilities provide information for effective healthcare systems management.27

Unlike BEmONC, Child immunization service readiness scores were relatively higher for all components. This finding is congruent with the national assessment finding10 but lower than a similar study in Bangladesh,24 and higher than another study in Mongolia.25 This could be attributed to high government attention and mass immunization campaigns.

The provision of healthcare services within the recommended catchment population size was associated with having an immunization readiness score in the study area (p<0.005). This was supported by another study in Nepal, where a disproportionate increase in delivery care in large hospitals in comparison to peripheral health facilities compromised by overcrowding and poor readiness to support the influx of clients.28 Similarly, health facilities in urban areas were associated with good BEmONC service readiness scores as compared to rural setting health facilities. A similar study also argued that in peripheral health facilities, the retention of complex skills, such as the resuscitation of patients, remains a challenge due to low client flow.19

This study provides evidence on the essential newborn care service readiness scores in a cross-sectional survey of Northwest Ethiopian health facilities. Many health centers and rural area facilities lacked readiness for essential newborn care services. Essential newborn care is essential not only for the survival of newborns but also for enabling them to have a better quality of life by preventing avoidable illnesses through an effective healthcare system.27 Improved newborn and child survival would help to thrive to the full potential of all children resulting in economic benefits for a nation.29 Therefore, developing a strategy that addresses the poor readiness score, and empowering the facility healthcare management system to oversee its implementation is crucially important for sustaining improvements.

This study was undertaken with the following limitations. First, due to resource limitations, the authors could not include health facilities from multiple administrative zones of the country to generalize the findings at regional and national levels. Second, the sample size of the surveyed health facilities was very small to make a quantitative analysis; however, as a mixed-method study, data from the key informant interview were used to support and cross-validate the survey findings.

Conclusions

This study confirmed that the essential newborn care service readiness score of the health facilities was low in Northwest Ethiopia. Both BEmONC and child immunization services lack full readiness in most health facilities and thus, many neonates did not receive all the essential newborn care services (poor readiness). Hence, improving the functional capacity or readiness level of health facilities; including the provision of in-service training to healthcare workers, and fulfilling essential equipment and supplies is imperative to improve neonatal survival.