Association of COVID-19 Outbreak with Changes in Physical Activity Among Adults with Elevated Risk for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events.

While the COVID-19 stay-at-home orders reduced the risk of viral transmission, their impact on preventive health behaviors of high-risk patients is unknown. Greater physical activity is associated with lower cardiovascular disease and mortality rates.[1] For individuals at elevated risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a short-term reduction in activity could impact longer-term habits.[2] The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the COVID-19 pandemic and the stay-at-home order issued on March 23, 2020, in Metropolitan Philadelphia with changes in physical activity among adults at elevated risk for MACE and examine differences in physical activity changes by sociodemographic characteristics.

METHODS

This study was approved by the University of Pennsylvania institutional review board and data was obtained from an ongoing randomized clinical trial evaluating the use of gamification and financial incentives to increase physical activity (NCT03911141). Participants were adults with either an atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) condition or a 10-year ASCVD risk score of ≥ 7.5% who used a Charge 3 (Fitbit) wearable to monitor activity.[3]

For each participant, daily steps and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) minutes were obtained. Daily MVPA minutes were estimated by totaling the number of minutes with a pace ≥ 100 steps/min.[4] We used multiple imputation for step values that were missing or < 1000/day[5] (10.1% of data) and model results were pooled using Rubin’s standard rules.

Using week 1 (February 1–7) of the pre-COVID-19 period (February 1–March 5, 2020) as reference, weekly changes in physical activity were estimated using a generalized linear mixed effects model adjusted for participant random effects, pre-trial baseline physical activity, study arm, and participant duration in the trial, in weeks. We then examined variations in physical activity by participant characteristics using a multivariate regression model that compared the period after Pennsylvania’s first COVID-19 case (March 6–May 27, 2020) to the pre-COVID-19 period with interaction terms for time and characteristic. Analyses were conducted in R (version 3.6.1) using 2-sided hypothesis tests (significance level, P < .05).

RESULTS

The sample comprised 217 adults with mean (SD) age of 69 (6.6) years; 22.6% had an ASCVD condition, and 24.0% were city residents (Table 1). Among city-dwelling participants, 21.1% were Black while 9.1% of suburban participants were Black. Participants had a pre-trial baseline mean (SD) of 5483 (2039) steps and averaged 7257 (3378) steps during the pre-COVID-19 period (February 1–March 5, 2020). Adjusted results indicate daily steps significantly declined relative to week 1 of the pre-COVID-19 period in the 2nd week after the state’s first COVID-19 case (− 281 steps; 95% CI − 509, − 55; P = .01; Fig. 1). The greatest decline occurred in the first week after the stay-at-home order (− 617 steps; 95% CI − 887, − 346; P < .001), but this change was no longer significantly different from week 1 by 4 weeks after the stay-at-home order (week 13). There were no sustained, significant changes in MVPA across the full sample (Fig. 1).

Table 1

Sample Characteristics and Adjusted Changes in Physical Activity

	Participants (n = 217)	Adjusted change in daily steps post-COVID-19 relative to pre-period		Adjusted change in MVPA minutes post-COVID-19 relative to pre-period
		Estimate (95% CI)	P value	Estimate (95% CI)	P value
Sociodemographics
Age, mean (SD), years*	69 (6.6)	− 3 (− 15, 9)	0.66	− 0.2 (− 0.3, − 0.1)	<0.001
Gender, no. (%)
Male	100 (46.1)	Ref	N/A	Ref	N/A
Female	117 (53.9)	63 (− 76, 203)	0.37	0.3 (− 0.6, 1.3)	0.48
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	184 (84.8)	Ref	N/A	Ref	N/A
Black, non-Hispanic	26 (12.0)	− 816 (− 1039, − 594)	<0.001	− 3.5 (− 5.2, − 1.8)	<0.001
Other	7 (3.2)	− 214 (− 586, 157)	0.26	− 0.5 (− 2.7, 1.7)	0.66
Marital status, no. (%)
Single	23 (10.6)	Ref	N/A	Ref	N/A
Married	140 (64.5)	− 103 (− 326, 120)	0.36	− 0.6 (− 2.1, 0.9)	0.41
Other	54 (24.9)	20 (− 217, 257)	0.87	− 1.2 (− 2.8, 0.3)	0.12
College graduate	172 (79.3)	− 276 (− 442, − 110)	0.001	− 0.1 (− 1.2, 1.0)	0.84
Annual household income, no. (%)
< $50,000	45 (20.7)	Ref	N/A	Ref	N/A
$50,000 to $100,000	72 (33.2)	15 (− 177, 207)	0.88	− 0.9 (− 2.2, 0.5)	0.20
> $100,000	100 (46.1)	− 83 (− 292, 125)	0.43	− 0.8 (− 2.4, 0.8)	0.31
City residence, no. (%)	52 (24.0)	− 463 (− 614, − 311)	<0.001	− 2.6 (− 3.2, − 1.3)	<0.001
Self-reported measures
Health status, no. (%)
Excellent	17 (7.8)	Ref	N/A	Ref	N/A
Very good	86 (39.6)	− 41 (− 286, 204)	0.74	− 0.8 (− 2.3, 0.7)	0.31
Good	91 (41.9)	9 (− 241, 259)	0.94	− 1.7 (− 3.2, − 0.1)	0.04
Fair	23 (10.6)	− 24 (− 352, 305)	0.89	− 1.7 (− 4.0, 0.7)	0.16
Poor	0 (0.0)	-	-	-	-
Prior wearable device use, no. (%)	146 (67.3)	− 239 (− 365, − 112)	<0.001	− 1.0 (− 18, − 0.1)	0.03
Baseline measures
Existing ASCVD diagnosis, no. (%)
No	168 (77.4)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	49 (22.6)	− 215 (− 372, − 58)	0.01	− 0.1 (− 1.3, 1.0)	0.03
Body mass index, mean (SD)†	29.8 (6.2)	− 23 (− 35, − 12)	<0.001	0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)	0.89

SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; Ref, referent group; N/A, not applicable

Multivariate generalized linear model adjusted for pre-trial baseline measure (daily steps or MVPA minutes), study arm, participant week in the clinical trial, each listed participant characteristic, time (before or after the first COVID-19 case on 3/6/20), and an interaction terms for time × participant characteristic. The table presents the estimate for the interaction terms

*Variable was grand mean centered. Estimate is for every 1 year increase above the mean value. Here, for every 1 year increase in age, participants took 3 fewer steps in the post-COVID period. For example, participants who were 70 years old took 3 fewer steps, and those who were 71 took 6 fewer steps

†Variable was grand mean centered. Estimate is for every 1 point increase above the mean value. Here, for every 1 point increase in body mass index (BMI), participants took 23 fewer steps in the post-COVID period. For example, participants with a BMI of 30.8 (1 points above the mean) took 23 fewer steps in the post-COVID period, relative to the pre-COVID period

Fig. 1

Adjusted change in daily steps and MVPA minutes by week for the full sample. Adjusted change and 95% confidence intervals for daily steps (a) and MVPA minutes (b). The state’s first COVID-19 case occurred on March 6, 2020, and the stay-at-home order was issued on March 23, 2020. The significant decline in daily steps began after the state’s first COVID-19 case (week 7), with the greatest decline observed 1 week after the stay-at-home order (week 9). There were no significant, sustained changes in MVPA minutes across the full sample; however, participants who were Black and/or city-dwelling did experience sustained declines in MVPA (see Table 1). Physical activity is known to vary by season and the slight, but significant, increase in daily steps prior to the state’s first COVID-19 case is likely due to seasonal changes.

After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (Table 1), the largest, sustained changes in daily steps in the post-period, relative to the pre-period, were among Black vs. White participants (− 816; 95% CI − 1039, − 594; P < .001) and city vs. suburban residents (− 463, 95% CI − 614, − 311; P < .001). Each group also had significant, sustained declines in MVPA minutes (Table 1).

DISCUSSION

In a sample of adults at elevated risk for MACE, the COVID-19 pandemic and related stay-at-home order were associated with a significant decline in daily steps that returned to pre-COVID-19 levels within 8 weeks. The insignificant change in MVPA minutes across the full sample suggests that, overall, individuals preserved higher intensity activities while sheltering in place but experienced a greater reduction in lighter activity. However, a significant, sustained decline in daily steps and MVPA was observed among participants with Black race and/or city residence over the 12-week post-period. These sustained reductions could impact long-term outcomes. Clinicians may consider increased monitoring or interventions to improve daily activity to prevent physical and cardiovascular decline while individuals are sheltering in place.

This study is limited in its observational design, geography, sample size, and shorter follow-up. The overall recovery period may be partially due to the trial intervention designed to improve physical activity. Our findings suggest the COVID-19 pandemic could disproportionately reduce physical activity among minority and urban patients, further exacerbating existing disparities in preventive health behaviors. Longer term evaluations are needed.