Maryam Hashemian1,2, Shahin Merat3, Hossein Poustchi3, Elham Jafari3, Amir-Reza Radmard4, Farin Kamangar1,5, Neal Freedman6, Azita Hekmatdoost7, Mahdi Sheikh1,8, Paolo Boffetta9,10, Rashmi Sinha6, Sanford M Dawsey6, Christian C Abnet6, Reza Malekzadeh1, Arash Etemadi1,6. 1. Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2. Departments of Biology, School of Art and Sciences, Utica College, Utica, New York, USA. 3. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4. Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5. Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 6. Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 7. Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 8. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Section of Genetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer, the World Health Organization, Lyon, France. 9. Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA. 10. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as the most common liver disease in the world, can range from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis. We evaluated the association between meat consumption and risk of NAFLD in the Golestan Cohort Study (GCS). METHODS: The GCS enrolled 50,045 participants, aged 40-75 years in Iran. Dietary information was collected using a 116-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline (2004-2008). A random sample of 1,612 cohort members participated in a liver-focused study in 2011. NAFLD was ascertained through ultrasound. Total red meat consumption and total white meat consumption were categorized into quartiles based on the GCS population, with the first quartile as the referent group. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The median intake of total red meat was 17 and total white meat was 53 g/d. During follow-up, 505 individuals (37.7%) were diagnosed with NAFLD, and 124 of them (9.2%) had elevated alanine transaminase. High total red meat consumption (ORQ4 vs Q1 = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.06-2.38, P trend = 0.03) and organ meat consumption (ORQ4 vs Q1 = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.19-2.44, P trend = 0.003) were associated with NAFLD. Total white meat, chicken, or fish consumption did not show significant associations with NAFLD. DISCUSSION: In this population with low consumption of red meat, individuals in the highest group of red meat intake were at increased odds of NAFLD. Furthermore, this is the first study to show an association between organ meat consumption and NAFLD (see Visual Abstract, http://links.lww.com/AJG/B944).
INTRODUCTION: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as the most common liver disease in the world, can range from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis. We evaluated the association between meat consumption and risk of NAFLD in the Golestan Cohort Study (GCS). METHODS: The GCS enrolled 50,045 participants, aged 40-75 years in Iran. Dietary information was collected using a 116-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline (2004-2008). A random sample of 1,612 cohort members participated in a liver-focused study in 2011. NAFLD was ascertained through ultrasound. Total red meat consumption and total white meat consumption were categorized into quartiles based on the GCS population, with the first quartile as the referent group. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The median intake of total red meat was 17 and total white meat was 53 g/d. During follow-up, 505 individuals (37.7%) were diagnosed with NAFLD, and 124 of them (9.2%) had elevated alanine transaminase. High total red meat consumption (ORQ4 vs Q1 = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.06-2.38, P trend = 0.03) and organ meat consumption (ORQ4 vs Q1 = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.19-2.44, P trend = 0.003) were associated with NAFLD. Total white meat, chicken, or fish consumption did not show significant associations with NAFLD. DISCUSSION: In this population with low consumption of red meat, individuals in the highest group of red meat intake were at increased odds of NAFLD. Furthermore, this is the first study to show an association between organ meat consumption and NAFLD (see Visual Abstract, http://links.lww.com/AJG/B944).
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