Intramedullary Fixation Does Not Cause a Large Amount of Hidden Blood Loss in Elderly Patients with Intertrochanteric Fractures.

PURPOSE: Controversy remains around intramedullary fixation of intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients when considering hidden blood loss (HBL). However, whether treating the fractures with intramedullary fixation causes a large amount of HBL is not known. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 1,017 consecutive patients aged ≥65 years with acute intertrochanteric fractures were included and assigned to three groups (non-operative group, delayed surgery group, and acute surgery group) between July 2013 and January 2018. The data of patients' demographics, injury-related data, operation-related data, comorbidities, perioperative hemoglobin values, transfusion data and serial of HBL calculated during hospitalization were collected and compared among three groups. All independent variables were further analyzed by multiple linear regression to evaluate the influential factors of HBL. A long-term follow-up was conducted and survival analysis was performed for all individuals.
RESULTS: Our results showed that fixation by proximal femoral nail anti-rotation for intertrochanteric fracture has been estimated to contribute 11-34% of the increase of HBL during hospitalization and it does not increase the allogeneic transfusion rate. For HBL, male patients, unstable fracture, and blood transfusion may have strong influences. Surgical delay was associated with longer time from injury to hospital admission, higher ASA-grade, and comorbidities such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Survival analysis revealed that mortality increased in patients with conservative treatment, where a rapid decline was found in the first year, especially in the 90 days after injury. A higher mortality rate was also obtained in patients with surgery delay than acute surgery patients.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, HBL is the main component of total blood loss and it is more likely to result from the initial trauma rather than the surgery. Intertrochanteric fracture treated by intramedullary fixation does not cause a large amount of HBL.

Introduction

The incidence of fractures in the trochanteric area has risen with the increasing numbers of elderly persons with osteoporosis.1 It is estimated that as many as 1.7 million people worldwide suffer from hip fractures each year, and this number has been increasing by about 25% each decade.2

Nowadays, intramedullary fixation (IMF) with proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) has become the preferred internal fixation for these fractures, especially in osteoporotic bone.1 However, the issue of blood loss in intertrochanteric fractures has become more and more concerned, which varied from 612 mL to 1,861 mL, most of which is hidden blood loss (HBL).3 Foss and Kehlet3 concluded that HBL was substantial, with an excess of up to 6-times that observed during the surgical procedure.

The main objective of this study was to investigate whether surgical treatment by IMF leads to a large amount of HBL compared to the initial trauma itself in patients with intertrochanteric fractures. We hypothesized that IMF does not cause a large amount of HBL.

Patients and Methods

Patients and Groups

A retrospective analysis of all patients presenting with an intertrochanteric fracture was conducted at a single Level I trauma center between July 2013 and January 2018. This study was approved by the institutional internal review board of the participating institution in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and consent were waived for its retrospective nature. Patients 65 years or older presenting with fresh fracture (with an admission delay less than 48 hours), with hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) record at admission and a series of pre- and postoperative records, treated with closed reduction and internal fixation by PFNA if they undergo surgery, and who received a minimum of 2-years follow-up were included. Patients with multiple fractures or injuries, with pathological or open fracture, who underwent previous operations on the hip area, appeared with typical hemolytic reaction after blood transfusions, and who were suffering from gastrointestinal hemorrhage and perioperative hematological disease were excluded. Patients were retrospectively assigned to three groups: those taking conservative treatment were placed in Group A; those with surgery delay of more than 7 days after the injury were placed in Group B (due to comorbidities and other medical causes); and those who underwent operations within 7 days were placed in Group C.

Data Collection

The medical records of patients’ demographics including age, gender, and body mass index (BMI); injury-related data including fracture type according to the AO/OTA classification4 and injury mechanism; operation-related data including American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA, six grade), whether traction before surgery, duration of operation, method of anesthesia (general anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia), and volume of intra-operative blood loss; other records of comorbidities, serial perioperative Hct and Hb values, transfusion data (whether receive blood transfusions and blood transfusion volume), and serial HBL calculated during hospitalization were extracted, verified, and confirmed for each patient by medical and radiological records. All electronic data were evaluated by two orthopedic surgeons not involved in patients’ care, and if the consequences differed greatly, a discussion was needed. The comorbidities were recorded as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, carotid plaque/atherosclerosis, delirium, cerebrovascular disease, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, valvular heart disease, lung disease, respiratory failure, hepatobiliary disease, digestive system disease, renal dysfunction, tumor, hypoproteinemia, and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The participants’ survival status and date of death were collected during the follow-up. The follow-up started from the enrollment to the cohort and ended on the date of death or the end of the study. The endpoint events were defined as all reasons of death or the end of the study, whichever was earlier.

Since a number of patients could not be weighed on a conventional scale upon admission, their weight and height were estimated by the orthopedic surgeon supported by the patients’ own information.5 Based on BMI, patients were divided into normal (BMI<24 kg/m2), overweight (24≤BMI<28 kg/m2), and obese (BMI≥28 kg/m2).

Surgery Treatment and Clinical Care

All surgeries using IMF were performed by one group of orthopedic surgeons. All of the patients received national guidelines for the surgical techniques via supine position and the length of incision was within a range of 3–5 cm. According to preoperative measurement results of CT, the blade of PFNA with appropriate size was hammered directly into the proximal femur. In order to reduce intraoperative bleeding, hypotension was maintained and returned to normal blood pressure before the end of surgery. Complete hemostasis and suture in layer carefully were performed at the end of surgery. All patients received first- or second-generation cephalosporins as prophylaxis for infection and low molecular-weight heparin, as antiplatelet therapy, was routinely injected subcutaneously to prevent DVT. Patients were encouraged to early full weight bearing with the necessary assistance of their family members and the follow-up was carried out in the orthopedic outpatient clinic.

HBL Calculation Methods

The levels of Hct/Hb from continuous blood routine were measured on admission, with an interval of 1 or 2 days pre- and post-operative until the day patients left hospital, as well as following blood transfusions, to calculate serial HBL. Blood transfusions were given when Hb levels dropped below 80 g/L6,7 at any point during their hospitalization or when patients were symptomatic. The total volume of blood transfusions was recorded. Intra-operative and post-operative blood loss were also recorded. The estimated patient blood volume (PBV) can be calculated using the formula as follows according to gender and height:8

PBV (L) for men = height (m)3 × 0.3669 + weight (kg) × 0.03219 + 0.6041 and,

PBV (L) for women = height (m)3 × 0.3561 + weight (kg) × 0.03308 + 0.1833.

There were no abnormalities found among the patients in ion concentrations such as potassium, sodium, and chlorine in peri-operation, and the blood volume of each patient was in the normal range, hence it can be assumed that the total blood volume would be the same on whole hospitalization. All red blood cell transfusions were assumed to contain the same number of cells and a unit of red blood cells is approximately 200 mL.

The total red cell loss volume (TRCL) was calculated by multiplying PBV by the change of Hct or Hb and the total perioperative blood loss (TBL) was calculated as:9

TBL = TRCL/Hctave = PBV × (Hctadm – Hctx)/Hctave.

Or TBL = PBV × (Hbadm – Hbx)/Hbave.

Then, the HBL was was further calculated:

HBL = TRCL/Hct average – dominant (measured) blood loss + transfusion volume.

A factor of 0.9 was corrected for Hb level of admission in order to simulate the potential impact of dehydration on admission.3

Statistical Analysis

The distributions of all variables were evaluated for normality by using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Data satisfying normality were presented as the mean and standard deviation (±SD). Data that did not meet normality were presented as median (interquartile range). Count data were expressed in percentages (%). The tests for significant differences between normally distributed data samples were performed using Student’s t-test or ANOVA for independent samples while the tests for significant differences between non-normal data were done with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Kruskal–Wallis H-test. All perioperative data were analyzed for univariate influence among different groups. Multiple linear regression was performed on the total number of cases to evaluate the influential factors of HBL using all independent variables assumed to be potentially causative. In the multi-category variables, ASA grade I, normal BMI, general anesthesia, no DVT, and patients in the non-operative group (group A) were chosen as standard, others were converted into dummy variables. The survival analysis was performed for all individuals and conducted using Kaplan–Meier methods. The Log rank test was used for comparing Kaplan–Meier survival curves among the three groups. All data analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY). The level of significance was set at p<0.05.

Results

Demographic and Injury-Related Data of Study Participants

From July 2013 and January 2018, a total of 1,799 consecutive patients presenting with fresh intertrochanteric fracture were screened and assessed for eligibility in this study. A total of 663 patients were eliminated by exclusion criteria (see Figure 1). Finally, 1,017 patients, including 133 in the non-operative group (group A), 250 in the delayed surgery group (group B), and 634 in the acute surgery group (group C) met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic and injury-related data of study patients are summarized in Table 1. The majority of patients were women (66.1%) with an average age of 78.4±8.4 years. There were 633 (62.2%) patients with stable fractures and most (97.4%) were resulting from falls. The results revealed no significant difference in gender, age, BMI, fracture type, or injury mechanism among the three groups (p>0.05).

Figure 1

Flow diagram of included patients.

Table 1

Demographic and Injury-Related Data of the Study Participants

Characteristics	Non-Operative Group (Group A) (n=133)	Delayed Surgery Group (Group B) (n=250)	Acute Surgery Group (Group C) (n=634)	Total (n=1017)	p-valuea
Demographic
Gender, n (%)					0.119
Male	50 (37.6%)	95 (38.0%)	200 (31.5%)	345 (33.9%)
Female	83 (62.4%)	155 (62.0%)	434 (68.5%)	672 (66.1%)
Age,years	79.5±8.0	78.3±8.4	78.3±8.5	78.4±8.4	0.275
BMI, n (%)					0.458
Normal (BMI<24 kg/m2)	89 (66.9%)	148 (59.2%)	368 (58.0%)	605 (59.5%)
Overweight (24≤BMI<28 kg/m2)	34 (25.6%)	79 (31.6%)	204 (32.2%)	317 (31.2%)
Obesity (BMI≥28 kg/m2)	10 (7.5%)	23 (9.2%)	62 (9.8%)	95 (9.3%)
Injury-related data
Fracture type, n (%)					0.283
Stable (A1.1–A2.1)	91 (68.4%)	152 (60.8%)	390 (61.5%)	633 (62.2%)
Unstable (A2.2–A3.3)	42 (31.6%)	98 (39.2%)	244 (38.5%)	384 (37.8%)
Injury mechanism, n (%)					0.484
Fall injury	130 (97.7%)	241 (96.4%)	620 (97.8%)	991 (97.4%)
Violent injury	3 (2.3%)	9 (3.6%)	14 (2.2%)	26 (2.6%)

Notes: Plus–minus values are means±SD; aIn gender, fracture type, injury mechanism, and BMI, p-values are the results of pearson chi-square tests. In age, p-value is the result of ANOVA test on mean.

Abbreviations: NA, not available; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range.

Comparison of Comorbidities, Operation-Related Data, Hidden Blood Loss, Hb Levels, and Transfusion Data

Table 2 shows the statistical distribution of comorbidities and significant differences were found among groups in diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, lung disease, and respiratory failure (p<0.05). Table 3 reveals significant differences observed in HBLmax (maximum HBL calculated during the whole hospitalization), Hb value of admission, the lowest record of Hb during hospitalization, Hb decrease between admission/the lowest and between admission/discharge, and blood transfusion volume among three groups. The median HBLmax in groups A, B, and C was 584.1 mL, 780.8 mL, and 649.2 mL, respectively (p<0.001). For the decreased Hb content, patients in the two surgery groups had a little larger Hb decrease (36.5–39.1%) between admission/lowest record compared to that of the non-operative patients. However, the mean Hb level of discharge did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Less than 70% of patients in group A had an ASA grade III and below, in comparison with 87.2% in group B and 89.5% in group C (p<0.001). In group C, 16.6% of patients performed bone traction before surgery, which was less than other groups (p<0.001). Despite attaining statistical significance, the difference of duration of operation (99.6±34.0 minutes for group C vs 105.4±35.6 minutes for group B, p=0.025) in the two operation groups is so small that it might not be of clinical relevance. However, patients in group B were twice as large as in group C (200 mL vs 100 mL, p=0.001) for the amount of intra-operative blood loss. Regarding blood transfusions, the median volume of patients in group A and group C was significantly less (p=0.001) than that of group B. However, there was no significant difference in transfusion rate (p>0.05) (Table 3).

Table 2

Comorbidities of the Study Participants

Comorbidities	Non-Operative Group (Group A) (n=133)	Delayed Surgery Group (Group B) (n=250)	Acute Surgery Group (Group C) (n=634)	Total (n=1,017)	p-value a
Hypertension					0.274
Yes	62 (46.6%)	135 (54.0%)	309 (48.7%)	506 (49.8%)
No	71 (53.4%)	115 (46.0%)	325 (51.3%)	511 (50.2%)
Diabetes					0.002*
Yes	36 (27.1%)	81 (32.4%)	134 (21.1%)	251 (24.7%)
No	97 (72.9%)	169 (67.6%)	500 (78.9%)	766 (75.3%)
Coronary heart disease					0.001*
Yes	43 (32.3%)	82 (32.8%)	139 (21.9%)	264 (26.0%)
No	90 (67.7%)	168 (67.2%)	495 (78.1%)	753 (74.0%)
Carotid plaque/atherosclerosis					0.963
Yes	41 (30.8%)	78 (31.2%)	192 (30.3%)	311 (30.6%)
No	92 (69.2%)	172 (68.8%)	442 (69.7%)	706 (69.4%)
Cerebrovascular disease					0.022*
Yes	53 (39.8%)	91 (36.4%)	187 (29.5%)	331 (32.5%)
No	80 (60.2%)	159 (63.6%)	447 (70.5%)	686 (67.5%)
Delirium					0.580
Yes	9 (6.8%)	11 (4.4%)	37 (5.8%)	57 (5.6%)
No	124 (93.2%)	239 (95.6%)	597 (94.2%)	960 (94.4%)
Arrhythmia					0.001*
Yes	30 (22.6%)	34 (13.6%)	69 (10.9%)	133 (13.1%)
No	103 (77.4%)	216 (86.4%)	565 (89.1%)	884 (86.9%)
Myocardial infarction					0.248
Yes	6 (4.5%)	11 (4.4%)	16 (2.5%)	33 (3.2%)
No	127 (95.5%)	239 (95.6%)	618 (97.5%)	984 (96.8%)
Heart failure					<0.001*
Yes	16 (12.0%)	12 (4.8%)	12 (1.9%)	40 (3.9%)
No	117 (88.0%)	238 (95.2%)	622 (98.1%)	977 (96.1%)
Valvular heart disease					0.307
Yes	3 (2.3%)	8 (3.2%)	10 (1.6%)	21 (2.1%)
No	130 (97.7%)	242 (96.8%)	624 (98.4%)	996 (97.9%)
Lung disease					<0.001*
Yes	42 (31.6%)	53 (21.2%)	92 (14.5%)	187 (18.4%)
No	91 (68.4%)	197 (78.8%)	542 (85.5%)	830 (81.6%)
Respiratory failure					0.021*
Yes	5 (3.8%)	9 (3.6%)	7 (1.1%)	21 (2.1%)
No	128 (96.2%)	241 (96.4%)	627 (98.9%)	996 (97.9%)
Hepatobiliary disease					0.659
Yes	4 (3.0%)	8 (3.2%)	14 (2.2%)	26 (2.6%)
No	129 (97.0%)	242 (96.8%)	620 (97.8%)	991 (97.4%)
Digestive system disease					0.624
Yes	4 (3.0%)	4 (1.6%)	16 (2.5%)	24 (2.4%)
No	129 (97.0%)	246 (98.4%)	618 (97.5%)	993 (97.6%)
Renal dysfunction					0.918
Yes	6 (4.5%)	13 (5.2%)	29 (4.6%)	48 (4.7%)
No	127 (95.5%)	237 (94.8%)	605 (95.4%)	969 (95.3%)
Tumor					0.616
Yes	2 (1.5%)	7 (2.8%)	12 (1.9%)	21 (2.1%)
No	131 (98.5%)	243 (97.2%)	622 (98.1%)	996 (97.9%)
Hypoproteinemia					0.165
Yes	22 (16.5%)	58 (23.2%)	153 (24.1%)	233 (22.9%)
No	111 (83.5%)	19 2(76.8%)	481 (75.9%)	78 4(77.1%)

Notes: Values are presented as number (%). *p<0.05, statistical significance. ap- values are the results of Pearson chi-square tests.

Table 3

The Maximum Hidden Blood Loss Calculated During Hospitalization, Perioperative Hemoglobin Values, Operation-Related Data, and Transfusion Data of 1,017 Patients with Intertrochanteric Fracturesa

Variables	Non-Operative Group (Group A) (n=133)	Delayed Surgery Group (Group B) (n=250)	Acute Surgery Group (Group C) (n=634)	Total (n=1,017)	p-valueb
HBLmax, mL IQR	584.1 (407.1, 875.7)	780.8 (510.7, 1,131.8)	649.2 (453.3, 972.1)	662.3 (457.5, 1,010.6)	<0.001*
Hb values, g/L
Hbadm	105.3±20.8c	106.6±21.4c	110.8±17.9	109.0±19.3	0.001*
Hblow	93.8±18.2	90.9±16.8	94.8±15.2d	93.7±16.1	0.005*
Hbdis	106.7±14.7	104.0±13.2	104.2±12.4	104.5±12.9	0.112
Hb decrease between Hbadm and Hblow	11.7 (0, 61.7)	15.7 (0, 65.1)e	16.0 (0, 71.6)e	15.4 (0, 71.6)	0.002*
Hb decrease between Hbadm and Hbdis	−1.4 (−86.1, 61.7)c	2.6 (−60.7, 62.7)c	6.5 (−61.2, 54.0)	4.5 (−86.1, 62.7)	<0.001*
Operation-related data
ASA grade, n (%)					<0.001*
I	8 (6.0%)	22 (8.8%)	103 (16.2%)	133 (13.1%)
II	35 (26.3%)	88 (35.2%)	274 (43.2%)	397 (39.0%)
III	46 (34.6%)	108 (43.2%)	191 (30.1%)	345 (33.9%)
IV	41 (30.8%)	25 (10.0%)	60 (9.5%)	126 (12.4%)
V	3 (2.3%)	7 (2.8%)	6 (0.9%)	16 (1.6%)
Bone traction before surgery, n (%)					<0.001*
No	100 (75.2%)	179 (71.6%)	529 (83.4%)	808 (79.4%)
Yes	33 (24.8%)	71 (28.4%)	105 (16.6%)	209 (20.6%)
Duration of operation, min	NA	105.4±35.6	99.6±34.0	101.2±34.5	0.025*
Method of anesthesia, n (%)					0.116
General anesthesia	NA	98 (39.2%)	296 (46.7%)	394 (44.6%)
Spinal anesthesia	NA	25 (10.0%)	50 (7.9%)	75 (8.5%)
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia	NA	127 (50.8%)	288 (45.4%)	415 (46.9%)
Intra-operative blood loss, mL IQR	NA	200 (150, 400)	100 (200, 300)	100 (200, 300)	0.001*
Red blood cell transfusion
Yes	93 (69.9%)	195 (78%)	455 (71.8%)	743 (73.1%)	0.116
No	40 (30.1%)	55 (22%)	179 (28.2%)	274 (26.9%)
Blood transfusion volume, units IQR	2 (0, 4)d	4 (2, 6)	2 (0, 4)d	2 (0, 6)	0.001*

Notes: Plus–minus values are means±SD. *p<0.05, statistical significance. aValues are presented as the means±SD for normally distributed data; HBLmax and blood transfusion volume are presented as the median (interquartile range); Two variables of perioperative hemoglobin decreased values and intra-operative blood loss are presented as the median (range); ASA grade, bone traction before surgery, method of anesthesia, and red blood cell transfusion is presented as the number (%). All the red blood cells transfusions are assumed to contain the same number of cells and a unit of red blood cells is approximately 200 mL. bIn Hbadm, Hblow, and Hbdis, p-values are the results of ANOVA tests on mean. In HBLmax, Hb drop between admission and the lowest recorded, Hb drop between admission and discharge and blood transfusion volume, p-values are the results of Kruskal–Wallis H-tests on median. In ASA grade, bone traction before surgery, method of anesthesia, and red blood cell transfusion, p-value are the results of Pearson chi-square tests. In duration of operation, p-value is the result of two independent sample t-test on mean. In intra-operative blood loss, p-value is the result of Wilcoxon rank-sum test on median. cSignificant differences in statistics compared with group C. dSignificant differences in statistics compared with group B. eSignificant differences in statistics compared with group A.

Abbreviations: HBL, hidden blood loss; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; Hb, hemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range.

Analysis of Possible Influencing Factors of Hidden Blood Loss

To examine the association between HBLmax and all factors that it could causatively be related to, we performed multiple linear regression on total patients. As shown in Table 4, factors associated with the increased HBLmax were male patients (p<0.001), unstable fracture (p<0.001), blood transfusion volume (p<0.001), and BMI (overweight, p=0.027; obesity, p=0.019), where the former three had more risk of increased HBLmax as compared to BMI. As a result, the mean contribution to HBLmax was 198 mL in male patients, 197 mL in unstable fracture, and 22 mL per unit of blood transfusion, respectively. It appeared that other factors were not significantly correlated with HBLmax (Table 4).

Table 4

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Association Between Risk Factors and the Maximum Hidden Blood Loss Calculated During Hospitalization in 1017 Patients

Variablesa	β	Β’	95% CI	p-value
Constant	386.237		(288.221, 484.253)	<0.001*
Male	198.139	0.229	(141.215, 238.974)	<0.001*
Age	−1.760	−0.036	(−4.870, 1.350)	0.267
Unstable fracture	197.314	0.233	(149.561, 245.068)	<0.001*
ASA-grade
2	32.547	0.039	(−41.013, 106.106)	0.385
3	72.321	0.084	(−3.498, 148.140)	0.062
4	18.435	0.015	(−75.828, 112.699)	0.701
5	144.980	0.044	(−50.241, 340.201)	0.145
Violent injury	−4.204	−0.002	(−152.713, 144.304)	0.956
Bone traction before surgery	30.871	0.030	(−28.447, 90.189)	0.307
BMI
Overweight (24≤BMI<28 kg/m2)	57.685	0.065	(6.515, 108.854)	0.027*
Obesity (BMI≥28 kg/m2)	97.989	0.070	(16.261, 179.716)	0.019*
Grouping
Group B	122.312	0.128	(41.786, 202.838)	0.003*
Group C	68.708	0.081	(−3.201, 140.617)	0.061
Method of anesthesia
Spinal anesthesia	−5.885	−0.004	(−114.631, 102.862)	0.915
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia	16.027	0.020	(−42.609, 74.663)	0.592
Duration of operation	−0.336	−0.029	(−1.262, 0.591)	0.477
Intra-operative blood loss	−0.087	−0.034	(−0.294, 0.120)	0.411
Blood transfusion volume	21.822	0.228	(16.327, 27.317)	<0.001*
Comorbidities
Hypertension	16.172	0.020	(−35.212, 67.557)	0.537
Diabetes	36.972	0.039	(−18.301, 92.244)	0.190
Coronary heart disease	2.546	0.003	(−54.131, 59.224)	0.930
Carotid plaque/atherosclerosis	−2.553	−0.003	(−59.916, 54.811)	0.930
Cerebrovascular disease	−34.057	−0.039	(−88.779, 20.665)	0.222
Delirium	−36.920	−0.021	(−140.276, 66.437)	0.483
Arrhythmia	−28.046	−0.023	(−99.083, 42.991)	0.439
Myocardial infarction	75.858	0.033	(−58.472, 210.188)	0.268
Heart failure	−9.902	−0.005	(−137.800, 117.995)	0.879
Valvular heart disease	102.928	0.034	(−68.813, 274.669)	0.240
Lung disease	−7.148	−0.007	(−70.802, 56.506)	0.826
Respiratory failure	−54.919	−0.019	(−240.032, 130.194)	0.561
Hepatobiliary disease	31.705	0.012	(−116.029, 179.439)	0.674
Digestive system disease	47.396	0.018	(−105.221, 200.012)	0.542
Renal dysfunction	−11.257	−0.006	(−125.816, 103.301)	0.847
Tumor	−26.176	−0.009	(−193.585, 141.233)	0.759
Hypoproteinemia	45.051	0.046	(−18.025, 108.127)	0.161
DVT
Intermuscular vein thrombosis	25.355	0.030	(−24.721, 75.430)	0.321
Posterior tibial vein thrombosis	112.614	0.070	(19.240, 205.987)	0.018*
Popliteal vein thrombosis	−38.236	−0.015	(−183.269, 106.796)	0.605
Superficial femoral vein thrombosis	−18.188	−0.006	(−193.940, 157.564)	0.839
Common femoral vein thrombosis	0.758	0.000	(−139.202, 140.718)	0.992

Notes: *p<0.05, statistical significance. aIn the multi-category variables, ASA-grade I, normal BMI, no DVT, and patients in conservative treatment group (group A) were chosen as standard, others were converted into dummy variables.

Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index; DVT, deep venous thrombosis.

Survival Analysis

Of all 1,017 patients, 306 (30.1%) were dead, 72 (54.1%) from the nonoperative group, 85 (34.0%) from the delayed surgery group, and 149 (23.5%) from the acute surgery group, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve of patients without surgery was significantly lower than that of surgical patients (Figure 2, p<0.001, log-rank). Patients in the nonoperative group had a rapid decline of cumulative survival rate in the first year, especially in the 3 months after injury, while that of surgical patients gradually decreased from 1 to 4 years after injury, and stabilized after that. Further comparison of the two surgical groups showed that the cumulative survival rate of patients with acute surgery was higher than that of delayed surgery patients (p=0.001, log-rank).

Figure 2

Kaplan–Meier survival curves for elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve of patients without surgery was significantly lower than that of surgical patients (p<0.001, log-rank). Within 1 year after injury, patients treated nonoperatively had a risk of death at 1 month that was 3.2-times as high, a risk of death at 3 months that was 6.6-times as high, a risk of death at 6 months that was 8.2-times as high, a risk of death at 9 months that was 5.3-times as high, and a risk of death at 12 months that was 4.2-times as high as the risk compared with the patients who received operations. Higher mortality was also obtained in patients with surgical delay than acute surgery patients (p=0.001, log-rank).

Discussion

Regarding our results, we found intertrochanteric fracture treated by intramedullary fixation represents only a small proportion of the increase of HBL and does not increase the allogeneic transfusion rate among the three groups of patients. The peak of HBL appeared at a certain time after the injury. Diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, severe lung disease, and respiratory failure were identified to possibly have influences on the surgery delay in this study. Male patients, unstable fracture, and blood transfusion may have strong influences on HBL.

Early surgery, as the most effective treatment for these elderly patients, has been recommended for a number of reasons;10 however, the influence of surgical delay we studied may not be a prospective study due to its ethical violations. The selection bias of patients who had delayed surgery or received non-operative treatment were not based on random experience, but on the serious comorbidities as well as referring to the anesthesiologist’s consultation. To the best of our knowledge, operating within 24–48 hours remains a challenge for clinical surgeons since the delay is necessary management of comorbidities and acceptable for stabilizing geriatric patients. Based on the research of Buse et al,11 in the majority of institutions worldwide, patients with femur fracture were operated on with a delay of more than 24 hours. Moreover, White et al12 reported that in the UK, 42% of operations were delayed with admission to operation time >48 hours: 51% for organizational; 44% for medical; and 4% for anesthetic reasons. The current situation in China is that it takes time to transfer patients to the superior specialist hospitals and to deal with comorbidities, causing a large proportion of patients with surgical delay. Precisely because of our national conditions so that we can provide a large amount of delayed surgery data for our research.

In this study, several medical comorbidities are proved to be the major causes of surgical delay, as well as the higher ASA-grade. For which, clinicians need to optimize their physical condition before surgery. Our data also revealed that patients with severe comorbidities of cerebrovascular disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, lung disease, and respiratory failure were usually treated non-operatively.

With the concept of HBL put forward,13 a number of researchers3,14,15 found that there is a significant amount of potential blood loss after hip fractures which is usually ignored. Previous work has shown the mean decrease in Hb level between blood taken on admission and discharge is 16 g/L, with an excess of up to 6-times that observed during the surgical procedure.3,16 However, it should be noted that the Gross formula is a linear model for circulating PBV by using the perioperative change of Hct, hence the first post-injury Hct is one of the most important reference indexes to calculate the real HBL. In the current study, we excluded 187 patients who had an admission delay of more than 48 hours to calculate the accuracy of HBL by ensuring the blood routine at the time of admission. In this cohort study, the median volume of HBLmax in non-operative group, delayed surgery group and acute surgery group were 584.1 mL, 780.8 mL, and 649.2 mL, respectively (p<0.001), indicating that surgery by IMF (PFNA) actually accounts for only 11–34% of the increase of HBLmax. As we know, allogenic blood transfusion is commonly used to treat anemia but involves inherent risks that may worsen outcomes, which is still controversial in the current studies.3,7 According to our study, the difference of blood transfusion rates among the three groups did not reach statistical significance.

Male patients, unstable fracture, and blood transfusion volume were identified that have strong influences on HBLmax. Our study also highlights a few findings. It is noteworthy that, although significant differences in ASA grade and some comorbidities were detected among groups, it did not significantly correlate with HBLmax. Another finding relates to the significant increase of HBLmax in patients with delayed surgery compared with patients who received non-operatively treatment, which could be explained by the fact that patients with delayed surgery were associated with increased blood transfusion rate and total blood transfusion volume.

Smith et al14, and Li et al17 conjectured in their survey that the majority of blood loss actually occurred before surgery. According to our data, the peak of HBL was observed to appear at days 5–7 in most patients of this cohort. Chechik et al15 found HBL was significantly increased with early operative treatment. A possible explanation for this might be that surgery was performed earlier than the peak of coagulation, since a transient hypercoagulable state was demonstrated to peak at the fifth day after severe trauma.18 Whereas in a systematic review of literature, Spahn19 showed anemia was more common in post-operation, reaching 87±10%. However, the cases involved in that study received surgical treatment prior to the peak of HBL. Therefore, conclusions from previous literature3,15,19 that the surgery by IMF increased the HBL might wrongly attribute the cause to IMF since a large proportion of patients received surgery within 48 hours (before the peak of coagulation).

Previous studies revealed that 45.6% of emergency surgical patients had anemia20 and unexplained anemia accounts for about one-third in these patients, which can be a catastrophic event precipitating a steep decline in health and independence.7,19 Similarly, we found 22.8% of patients have anemia (with Hb value less than 10 g/L) at hospital admission and a prevalence of 22.9% was observed in surgical patients prior to the operation. At the time of last Hb levels measured before discharge, there were still 35.8% of patients classified as anemia.

The overall mortality rates have been well studied and reported to vary from 12–35% in the first year and up to 10% of patients die postoperatively in hospital even with treatment.15,21,22 However, evidence in the literature for long-term survival analysis in a relatively large size cohort is scant. By the end of our 6-year follow-up study, 30.1% were dead and most were treated nonoperatively, which is consistent with the previous studies that such non-operative therapy should only be considered in moribund patients with severe comorbidities, placing them at risk for surgery and anesthesia.23,24 We found patients without surgery had a rapid decline of cumulative survival rate in the first year while, for patients who received operations, the decline mainly occurred in the first 2 years, which merits careful attention of family members for better care.

The strength of this study is that it includes the HBL calculated by serial of Hct values, not by using a given day after surgery or the final record before discharge, although widely used in previous literature.3,15,25 Another strength is the single internal fixation we used and standardized perioperative intervention, which minimizes the risk of sampling bias. Finally, the cohort comprised a relatively large number of patients with a long-term follow-up. The limitations to this study include its retrospective design and the data being collected in a single center. Finally, although we controlled many variables and comorbidities related to health status, endogeneity bias from other omitted variables may affect the results of the current study.

Conclusion

HBL is the main component of total blood loss of patients with intertrochanteric fracture and it is more likely to result from initial trauma rather than the surgery. Intertrochanteric fracture treated with IMF does not cause a large amount of HBL.