Valdemar Landgren1,2, Elisabeth Fernell3, Christopher Gillberg3, Magnus Landgren3, Mats Johnson3. 1. Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Kungsgatan 12, Gothenburg, 411 19, Sweden. valdemar.landgren@gu.se. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Skaraborg Hospital, Lövängsvägen, Skövde, 54142, Sweden. valdemar.landgren@gu.se. 3. Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Kungsgatan 12, Gothenburg, 411 19, Sweden.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although the body of research concerning neurodevelopmental disorders is vast, there is a scarcity of longitudinal studies beyond late adolescence, and of studies taking co-existing disorders into account. The present study aimed to investigate outcome in adulthood for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) diagnosed at 6.6 years of age. METHODS: Out of a screening-based population cohort of 589 individuals, 62 (10 female) diagnosed with ADHD+DCD at mean age 6.6 years naïve to stimulant treatment were followed into adulthood through national registries. Results were compared to a screen- and assessment negative population matched group from the same cohort (PM group, n = 51) and a registry-matched (RM group, n = 410) group of the same county and age. RESULTS: At 30 to 31 years of age, five deaths had occurred; one in the ADHD+DCD group and two each in the comparison groups. In time to event analyses of the composite outcome of any psychiatric disorder, psychotropic prescription, sick pension or criminal sentence, events occurred at a significantly higher rate in the ADHD+DCD group (p = 0.0032, vs PM group p = 0.0115, vs RM group p = 0.0054). The ADHD+DCD group had significantly higher rates of psychiatric diagnoses, prescriptions of psychoactive medications and occurrence of sick pension than both comparison groups. Further, the ADHD+DCD group had significantly lower educational attainment compared to both comparison groups, more years with unemployment, and overall higher welfare recipiency. Rates of pain diagnoses and analgesic prescriptions did not separate the groups. CONCLUSION: ADHD+DCD entailed a less favorable outcome in adulthood compared to a non-clinical comparison group and a registry-matched population. Neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed upon school entry is of prognostic utility with respect to function in adulthood, and warrants early identification and management.
BACKGROUND: Although the body of research concerning neurodevelopmental disorders is vast, there is a scarcity of longitudinal studies beyond late adolescence, and of studies taking co-existing disorders into account. The present study aimed to investigate outcome in adulthood for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) diagnosed at 6.6 years of age. METHODS: Out of a screening-based population cohort of 589 individuals, 62 (10 female) diagnosed with ADHD+DCD at mean age 6.6 years naïve to stimulant treatment were followed into adulthood through national registries. Results were compared to a screen- and assessment negative population matched group from the same cohort (PM group, n = 51) and a registry-matched (RM group, n = 410) group of the same county and age. RESULTS: At 30 to 31 years of age, five deaths had occurred; one in the ADHD+DCD group and two each in the comparison groups. In time to event analyses of the composite outcome of any psychiatric disorder, psychotropic prescription, sick pension or criminal sentence, events occurred at a significantly higher rate in the ADHD+DCD group (p = 0.0032, vs PM group p = 0.0115, vs RM group p = 0.0054). The ADHD+DCD group had significantly higher rates of psychiatric diagnoses, prescriptions of psychoactive medications and occurrence of sick pension than both comparison groups. Further, the ADHD+DCD group had significantly lower educational attainment compared to both comparison groups, more years with unemployment, and overall higher welfare recipiency. Rates of pain diagnoses and analgesic prescriptions did not separate the groups. CONCLUSION:ADHD+DCD entailed a less favorable outcome in adulthood compared to a non-clinical comparison group and a registry-matched population. Neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed upon school entry is of prognostic utility with respect to function in adulthood, and warrants early identification and management.
Authors: Zheng Chang; Patrick D Quinn; Kwan Hur; Robert D Gibbons; Arvid Sjölander; Henrik Larsson; Brian M D'Onofrio Journal: JAMA Psychiatry Date: 2017-06-01 Impact factor: 21.596
Authors: Roland van Rensburg; Helgard Pieter Meyer; Sonia Anne Hitchcock; Christian Edward Schuler Journal: Pain Med Date: 2018-09-01 Impact factor: 3.750
Authors: Jan P Piek; Daniela Rigoli; Jillian G Pearsall-Jones; Neilson C Martin; David A Hay; Kellie S Bennett; Florence Levy Journal: Twin Res Hum Genet Date: 2007-08 Impact factor: 1.587
Authors: Aisling Mulligan; Richard J L Anney; Myra O'Regan; Wai Chen; Louise Butler; Michael Fitzgerald; Jan Buitelaar; Hans-Christoph Steinhausen; Aribert Rothenberger; Ruud Minderaa; Judith Nijmeijer; Pieter J Hoekstra; Robert D Oades; Herbert Roeyers; Cathelijne Buschgens; Hanna Christiansen; Barbara Franke; Isabel Gabriels; Catharina Hartman; Jonna Kuntsi; Rafaela Marco; Sheera Meidad; Ueli Mueller; Lamprini Psychogiou; Nanda Rommelse; Margaret Thompson; Henrik Uebel; Tobias Banaschewski; Richard Ebstein; Jacques Eisenberg; Iris Manor; Ana Miranda; Fernando Mulas; Joseph Sergeant; Edmund Sonuga-Barke; Phil Asherson; Stephen V Faraone; Michael Gill Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2008-07-19
Authors: Tim P Morris; Christopher I Jarvis; William Cragg; Patrick P J Phillips; Babak Choodari-Oskooei; Matthew R Sydes Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2019-09-30 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Valdemar Landgren; Elisabeth Fernell; Christopher Gillberg; Magnus Landgren; Mats Johnson Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2022-03-17 Impact factor: 2.692