Joseph D Dougherty1,2,3, Susan E Maloney4,5, Rachel M Rahn1,2,6, Claire T Weichselbaum1,2,3, David H Gutmann3,7. 1. Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. 3. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. maloneys@wustl.edu. 5. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. maloneys@wustl.edu. 6. Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. 7. Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Motor deficits such as abnormal gait are an underappreciated yet characteristic phenotype of many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including Williams Syndrome (WS) and Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). Compared to cognitive phenotypes, gait phenotypes are readily and comparably assessed in both humans and model organisms and are controlled by well-defined CNS circuits. Discovery of a common gait phenotype between NDDs might suggest shared cellular and molecular deficits and highlight simple outcome variables to potentially quantify longitudinal treatment efficacy in NDDs. METHODS: We characterized gait using the DigiGait assay in two different murine NDD models: the complete deletion (CD) mouse, which models hemizygous loss of the complete WS locus, and the Nf1+/R681X mouse, which models a NF1 patient-derived heterozygous germline NF1 mutation. Longitudinal data were collected across four developmental time points (postnatal days 21-30) and one early adulthood time point. RESULTS: Compared to wildtype littermate controls, both models displayed markedly similar spatial, temporal, and postural gait abnormalities during development. Developing CD mice also displayed significant decreases in variability metrics. Multiple gait abnormalities observed across development in the Nf1+/R681X mice persisted into early adulthood, including increased stride length and decreased stride frequency, while developmental abnormalities in the CD model largely resolved by adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the subcomponents of gait affected in NDDs show overlap between disorders as well as some disorder-specific features, which may change over the course of development. Our incorporation of spatial, temporal, and postural gait measures also provides a template for gait characterization in other NDD models and a platform to examining circuits or longitudinal therapeutics.
BACKGROUND: Motor deficits such as abnormal gait are an underappreciated yet characteristic phenotype of many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including Williams Syndrome (WS) and Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). Compared to cognitive phenotypes, gait phenotypes are readily and comparably assessed in both humans and model organisms and are controlled by well-defined CNS circuits. Discovery of a common gait phenotype between NDDs might suggest shared cellular and molecular deficits and highlight simple outcome variables to potentially quantify longitudinal treatment efficacy in NDDs. METHODS: We characterized gait using the DigiGait assay in two different murine NDD models: the complete deletion (CD) mouse, which models hemizygous loss of the complete WS locus, and the Nf1+/R681X mouse, which models a NF1 patient-derived heterozygous germline NF1 mutation. Longitudinal data were collected across four developmental time points (postnatal days 21-30) and one early adulthood time point. RESULTS: Compared to wildtype littermate controls, both models displayed markedly similar spatial, temporal, and postural gait abnormalities during development. Developing CD mice also displayed significant decreases in variability metrics. Multiple gait abnormalities observed across development in the Nf1+/R681X mice persisted into early adulthood, including increased stride length and decreased stride frequency, while developmental abnormalities in the CD model largely resolved by adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the subcomponents of gait affected in NDDs show overlap between disorders as well as some disorder-specific features, which may change over the course of development. Our incorporation of spatial, temporal, and postural gait measures also provides a template for gait characterization in other NDD models and a platform to examining circuits or longitudinal therapeutics.
Entities:
Keywords:
Gait; Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Williams Syndrome; mice; neurodevelopmental disorders; precision medicine
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