The essential role of primary cilia in cerebral cortical development and disorders.

Primary cilium, first described in the 19th century in different cell types and organisms by Alexander Ecker, Albert Kolliker, Aleksandr Kowalevsky, Paul Langerhans, and Karl Zimmermann (Ecker, 1844; Kolliker, 1854; Kowalevsky, 1867; Langerhans, 1876; Zimmermann, 1898), play an essential modulatory role in diverse aspects of nervous system development and function. The primary cilium, sometimes referred to as the cell's 'antennae', can receive wide ranging inputs from cellular milieu, including morphogens, growth factors, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters. Its unique structural and functional organization bequeaths it the capacity to hyper-concentrate signaling machinery in a restricted cellular domain approximately one-thousandth the volume of cell soma. Thus enabling it to act as a signaling hub that integrates diverse developmental and homestatic information from cellular milieu to regulate the development and function of neural cells. Dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to the pathophysiology of several brain malformations, intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the most essential contributions of primary cilia to cerebral cortical development and function, in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders and malformations. It highlights the recent progress made in identifying the mechanisms underlying primary cilia's role in cortical progenitors, neurons and glia, in health and disease. A future challenge will be to translate these insights and advances into effective clinical treatments for ciliopathies.