Eleanore D Sternberg1, Jackie Cook2, Ludovic P Ahoua Alou3, Serge Brice Assi3, Alphonsine A Koffi3, Dimi T Doudou4, Carine J Aoura3, Rosine Z Wolie5, Welbeck A Oumbouke6, Eve Worrall7, Immo Kleinschmidt8, Raphael N'Guessan9, Matthew B Thomas10. 1. Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Electronic address: eleanore.sternberg@lstmed.ac.uk. 2. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. 3. Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. 4. Laboratoire de Santé, Nutrition et Hygiène, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. 5. Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; Laboratoire de genetique, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Biosciences, Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. 6. Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. 7. Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom. 8. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Southern African Development Community Malaria Elimination Eight Secretariat, Windhoek, Namibia. 9. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. 10. Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; York Environmental Sustainability Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: New vector control tools are required to sustain the fight against malaria. Lethal house lures, which target mosquitoes as they attempt to enter houses to blood feed, are one approach. Here we evaluated lethal house lures consisting of In2Care (Wageningen, Netherlands) Eave Tubes, which provide point-source insecticide treatments against host-seeking mosquitoes, in combination with house screening, which aims to reduce mosquito entry. METHODS: We did a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial with 40 village-level clusters in central Côte d'Ivoire between Sept 26, 2016, and April 10, 2019. All households received new insecticide-treated nets at universal coverage (one bednet per two people). Suitable households within the clusters assigned to the treatment group were offered screening plus Eave Tubes, with Eave Tubes treated using a 10% wettable powder formulation of the pyrethroid β-cyfluthrin. Because of the nature of the intervention, treatment could not be masked for households and field teams, but all analyses were blinded. The primary endpoint was clinical malaria incidence recorded by active case detection over 2 years in cohorts of children aged 6 months to 10 years. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN18145556. FINDINGS:3022 houses receivedscreening plus Eave Tubes, with an average coverage of 70% across the intervention clusters. 1300 eligible children were recruited for active case detection in the control group and 1260 in the intervention group. During the 2-year follow-up period, malaria case incidence was 2·29 per child-year (95% CI 1·97-2·61) in the control group and 1·43 per child-year (1·21-1·65) in the intervention group (hazard ratio 0·62, 95% CI 0·51-0·76; p<0·0001). Cost-effectiveness simulations suggested that screening plus Eave Tubes has a 74·0% chance of representing a cost-effective intervention, compared with existing healthcare activities in Côte d'Ivoire, and is similarly cost-effective to other core vector control interventions across sub-Saharan Africa. No serious adverse events associated with the intervention were reported during follow-up. INTERPRETATION:Screening plus Eave Tubes can provide protection against malaria in addition to the effects of insecticide-treated nets, offering potential for a new, cost-effective strategy to supplement existing vector control tools. Additional trials are needed to confirm these initial results and further optimise Eave Tubes and the lethal house lure concept to facilitate adoption. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: New vector control tools are required to sustain the fight against malaria. Lethal house lures, which target mosquitoes as they attempt to enter houses to blood feed, are one approach. Here we evaluated lethal house lures consisting of In2Care (Wageningen, Netherlands) Eave Tubes, which provide point-source insecticide treatments against host-seeking mosquitoes, in combination with house screening, which aims to reduce mosquito entry. METHODS: We did a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial with 40 village-level clusters in central Côte d'Ivoire between Sept 26, 2016, and April 10, 2019. All households received new insecticide-treated nets at universal coverage (one bednet per two people). Suitable households within the clusters assigned to the treatment group were offered screening plus Eave Tubes, with Eave Tubes treated using a 10% wettable powder formulation of the pyrethroid β-cyfluthrin. Because of the nature of the intervention, treatment could not be masked for households and field teams, but all analyses were blinded. The primary endpoint was clinical malaria incidence recorded by active case detection over 2 years in cohorts of children aged 6 months to 10 years. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN18145556. FINDINGS: 3022 houses received screening plus Eave Tubes, with an average coverage of 70% across the intervention clusters. 1300 eligible children were recruited for active case detection in the control group and 1260 in the intervention group. During the 2-year follow-up period, malaria case incidence was 2·29 per child-year (95% CI 1·97-2·61) in the control group and 1·43 per child-year (1·21-1·65) in the intervention group (hazard ratio 0·62, 95% CI 0·51-0·76; p<0·0001). Cost-effectiveness simulations suggested that screening plus Eave Tubes has a 74·0% chance of representing a cost-effective intervention, compared with existing healthcare activities in Côte d'Ivoire, and is similarly cost-effective to other core vector control interventions across sub-Saharan Africa. No serious adverse events associated with the intervention were reported during follow-up. INTERPRETATION: Screening plus Eave Tubes can provide protection against malaria in addition to the effects of insecticide-treated nets, offering potential for a new, cost-effective strategy to supplement existing vector control tools. Additional trials are needed to confirm these initial results and further optimise Eave Tubes and the lethal house lure concept to facilitate adoption. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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