Reasonable adjustments for people with intellectual disability in acute care: a scoping review of the evidence.

OBJECTIVES: People with intellectual disability are vulnerable in terms of health service provision due to increased comorbidity, higher dependency and cognitive impairment. This review explored the literature to ascertain what reasonable adjustments are evident in acute care to support people with intellectual disability, ensuring they have fair access and utilisation of health services.
DESIGN: Scoping review.
SETTING: Acute care settings.
METHODS: Five databases were systematically searched to identify studies that reported on the implementation of reasonable adjustments. Authors worked in pairs to screen studies for inclusion, data were extracted and charted and findings were synthesised according to content and themes.
RESULTS: Of the 7770 records identified, six studies were included in the review. The volume of evidence was influenced by specific inclusion criteria, and only papers that reported on the actual implementation of a reasonable adjustment within an acute care setting were included. Many papers reported on the concept of reasonable adjustment; however, few identified its applications in practice.
CONCLUSIONS: The scoping review highlights a lack of research on the practice and implementation of reasonable adjustments within acute care settings. There is a need for increased support, education and the provision of intellectual disability specialists across acute care settings. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

The review design allowed for a broad review of published literature.

The review focus was solely on reasonable adjustments in acute healthcare settings.

Only English language research were included in the review.

A formal quality appraisal process was not included in the study.

The review highlights evidence of reasonable adjustments made in acute care settings.

Background

The WHO identifies intellectual disability as a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information and to learn and apply new skills (impaired intelligence), resulting in a reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning), and which occurs before adulthood with a lasting effect on development.1 Disability is not conceptualised based on a person’s level of ability but rather the extent to which environmental factors support the person’s participation and inclusion in society1 or the socially constructed barriers that limit a person’s everyday activities.2 Such barriers are clearly evident within healthcare structures, and some healthcare professionals lack the specific knowledge, skill and education to provide a person centred service to people with intellectual disability.3 Such a deficit creates a gap between the health needs of people with intellectual disability and service provision.4 To address such deficits, it is advocated that reasonable adjustments are made to clinical policies and practices to ensure that people with intellectual disabilities and other disadvantaged groups are treated equitably with regard to healthcare access and provision.5–8 Reasonable adjustments are positive measures that can be implemented at an organisational, system or individual level to address the healthcare inequalities experienced by people.6

At an individual level, people with intellectual disability experience poorer health,9 10 have complex needs,11 12 greater comorbidities,13 14 present more often for treatment,15 16 experience increased polypharmacy17 18 and die younger19 20 compared with the general population. At an organisational and system level, people with intellectual disability experience greater health disparities21 22 which results in unmet health needs,23 24 as health service providers are often ill-prepared and ill-equipped to support people with intellectual disability. In addition, healthcare professionals’ inadequate knowledge and stereotypical-based attitudes contribute to the experience of health discrimination.25 26

Despite international recommendations,27–29 people with intellectual disability remain largely invisible to routine data collection and analysis in research studies.30 Seeking to address such inequalities is essential of any modern healthcare system, and the United Nation’s (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities31 requires countries and parties of the state to recognise that people with intellectual disability have the same rights to enjoy to the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination. The UN convention along with National Equality or Disability Acts places a responsibility on all public services, including acute hospitals, to make reasonable adjustments to ensure that people with intellectual disability are not disadvantaged.32

Despite legislation, policy and practice guidelines, people with intellectual disability continue to experience many barriers to accessing services,33 including required healthcare.5 34 Such barriers include: structural barriers (eg, physical access to buildings and transport issues), financial barriers (eg, affordable medicines), and attitudinal barriers (eg, failure to understand and listen to the person with intellectual disability).5 In addition, despite many initiatives undertaken to address Mencap’s groundbreaking report in the UK,25 people with intellectual disability continue to have poor experiences during admissions to acute hospitals.35 Insufficient evidence is available regarding initiatives that have been implemented and their effectiveness.36 One such initiative is the use of ‘passports’, Atkinson37 and Northway et al38 have identified that passports can improve quality of care within intellectual disability services. However, similar research regarding the use of passports is lacking within acute care.

Within acute care settings, healthcare professionals acknowledge that they experience difficulties in truly hearing and listening to people with intellectual disability resulting in an inability to adequately meet their healthcare needs.39 It is essential that all healthcare professionals, including nurses, are able to anticipate and support the holistic needs of people with intellectual disability in the acute care setting.40 Holistic healthcare is central to the practice of caring where the person should be the focus, giving attention to the context in which the person lives, including their family, community and culture.41 The humanistic approach to nursing care is evidenced in person-centred practice, where each person should be assessed and treated on an individual basis and their care centred on their needs rather than the needs of the service.42 Person-centred care and the rights of people with intellectual disability can be supported within acute care settings through the adoption of reasonable adjustments, as far as possible, ensuring people with intellectual disability receive equitable and appropriate healthcare provision.

As reasonable adjustments are intended to overcome the disadvantage experienced in accessing and receiving services/care, adjustments must be made to ensure a person with intellectual disability receives the same level of care provided to others. Reasonable adjustments can occur at system and individual levels. System-level reasonable adjustments include strategic approaches for addressing barriers that could potentially impede people with intellectual disability from accessing a service,43 such as wheelchair accessibility, accessible information, colour-coded signage, access to interpreters or use of health passports. There are many factors that can influence the adoption of reasonable adjustments in practice such as: the ability of the organisation to align the intervention with the person’s needs; the practicability of making the change; the size of the organisation; the cost and resources needed; and whether any changes have already been implemented.6 Individual-level reasonable adjustments are specifically tailored to a person with intellectual disability, which can be identified through assessment and/or discussion with the person, their family or General Practitioner (GP).6 Acknowledging the importance of supporting the holistic needs of people with intellectual disability using a person-centred approach to care and the fact that no review of reasonable adjustments for people with intellectual disability were found by the authors, the focus of this scoping review of the literature is to identify evidence of individual level reasonable adjustments in acute care settings.

Method

A scoping review methodology was chosen due to the broad, multifaceted nature of intellectual disability. Scoping reviews provide an overview of the topic and describe the efforts of available research and thus identify gaps in the literature.44 The review was defined by the following question ‘what reasonable adjustments are evident in acute care for people with intellectual disability?’. The authors were guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Methodology45 process for scoping reviews. Inclusion criteria were set (table 1), and a search strategy was developed (table 2). Searches were conducted across five databases; MEDLINE, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, PsycArticles and PsycINFO (OD) to identify papers on the topic. Search strings were developed (table 2), and search words were used in title and abstract screening for S1 and S2 using the Boolean operator OR (OD). Search 3 combined S1 and S2 using the Boolean operator AND (OD). Papers included for full-text review were checked for citations using the forward and backward chaining process to identify any additional papers for inclusion. Within the search process all records were exported to Endnote X9 (Clarivate Analytics, Pennsylvania, USA) and duplicates removed (OD). Titles and abstracts were then screened by two reviewers independently (OD and TH) against the inclusion criteria. The remaining papers were then retrieved for full-text review by paired reviewers working independently (OD, TH and MM) and reasons for exclusion were recorded and reported (figure 1).

Table 1

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

	Include	Exclude
Participants	Persons with intellectual disability.	Non-intellectual disability population.
Timeline	January 2006 to 30 March 2020.	Prior to 1 January 2006 (UN Convention).
Concept	Papers that identify a reasonable adjustment made for a person/s with intellectual disability.	Papers that fail to identify a reasonable adjustment made for a person/s with intellectual disability.
Context	Acute inpatient care setting.	Outpatient clinics or screening procedures.
Language	Papers publishes in English.	Non-English papers.
Types of studies	Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods study and papers that present a case study.	Literature reviews, discussion and opinion papers with no evidence of reasonable adjustment made.

Table 2

Search process

Search	Terms	Field
S1	intellectual disabilit* OR mental retardation OR learning disabilit* OR developmental disabilit*	Title OR Abstract
S2	reasonable adjustment* OR reasonable accommodation* OR access*	Title OR Abstract
S3	S1+S2

Figure 1

PRISMA 2009 flow diagram.91 PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Any differences between reviewers at each stage of the process were resolved through discussion or with the third reviewer. Data were extracted from papers included in the scoping review using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers (table 3) and used to present data in tabular form. Finally, a narrative synthesis is presented in the findings in order to present/chart the results as related to the review question to portray the current evidence of reasonable adjustments for people with intellectual disability in acute care settings. This review is reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist.46

Table 3

Data extraction

Author/s, year, title, country	Aim/focus of paper	Methodology/ design	Sample	Data collection	Analytical approach	Reasonable adjustment evident	Summary of findings	Implications
Brown et al (2012)8UK	To investigate the impact and outcomes of Learning Disability Liaison Nursing (LDLN) services on the healthcare experience of people with intellectual disability attending for general hospital care across four Scottish NHS boards.	Mixed-methods study.	Participants (n=85) including people with intellectual disability (n=5), carers (n=16), primary care health professionals (n=39), general hospital professionals (n=19) and learning disability liaison nurses (n=6).	Documentary analysis of 323 LDLN service referrals over an 18-month period.	Quantitative data – SPSS V.17.0.	Individualised care approaches supporting staff to make reasonable adjustment to routine practice, for example, providing first appointment, quiet waiting areas.	The referral patterns closely matched the known health needs of adults with ID: neurological, respiratory and gastrointestinal issues.	Findings highlight the importance of supporting and promoting the LDLN role.
				Qualitative data collected via individual semi-structured interviews and focus groups with key stakeholders.	Qualitative data –thematic analysis (Boyatzis, 1998).	Some reasonable adjustments were outside of standard practice but were managed well for example, location of induction of anaesthesia and recovery.	The LDLN role impacted on three areas – clinical patient care, education and practice development, strategic organisational development.	Finding were used to develop a conceptual model incorporating seven elements and three dimensions to the LDLN role.
							The LDLN service was valued by all stakeholders with the view that it had a constructive impact on the care of people with ID.
Heslop et al (2019)6UK	To describe examples of how three healthcare services have met the Equality Act 2010 duty to make reasonable adjustments for disabled people, so that they are not disadvantaged in accessing these services.	Not stated.	Not stated.	Not stated	Not stated.	An individual-level reasonable adjustment is described for a person with intellectual disability requiring surgery who would not travel to hospital, the following reasonable adjustments occurred.	The examples discussed in the article illustrate how the provision of reasonable adjustments at both system level and individual level can be achieved.	The provision of two reasonable adjustments in this paper were system level and involved outpatient services (abdominal aortic aneurysm and bowel screening). They were not included as not acute care.
		Descriptive paper.	Research team and workshop participants’ coauthored paper providing a description of ‘system-level’ and individual-level’ reasonable adjustments, which were previously discussed by the authors at four workshops in Bristol and Leeds.			A home visit by the anaesthetist and surgeon.		The third example was the provision of an individual-level reasonable adjustment involving the need for surgery in acute services and therefore is included.
						Admission plan		The provision of reasonable adjustments can be system-level and/or individual-level.
						Preoperative assessment and relevant risk assessments completed at home.
						The person was sedated at home before being transferred to hospital for surgery.
						It was arranged to have several routine investigations carried out while the person was sedated, for example, routine blood tests and dental check.
Marsden and Giles (2017)48UK	To examine the challenges in caring for people with intellectual disability and develop a framework for making reasonable adjustments for people with intellectual disability in hospital.	Discussion paper with a practice-based case study and framework for RAs presented.	One case of a people with intellectual disability.	N/A presentation of a case.	N/A presentation of a case.	Practice development nurse for people with intellectual disability alerted via an app for Apple devices.	The flagging of a person with intellectual disability on a patient administration system’s special register allows early engagement.	Early engagement and planning are important to success.
						Hospital Communication Book.	Person was able to effectively communicate his preferences using the communication book.	The 4C framework assists in delivering person-centred, safe, and effective healthcare to people with intellectual disability.
						My Healthcare Passport.	The use of communication support assisted healthcare professionals to assess the persons’ understanding and capacity.	Communication RA may assist in capacity assessment but the process of not deciding to have an uncomfortable procedure vs an informed decision may need consideration.
						Intellectual disability ward champion.
Phillips (2019).7UK	The aim of the paper was to consider what reasonable adjustments can be made in hospital and features two real-life case studies.	Discussion paper with two practice-based case studies presented.	Two cases of people with intellectual disability.	N/A presentation of two cases.	N/A presentation of two cases.	Preadmission visits; hospital passport; communication book; being first on the theatre list; having a carer present in the anaesthetic and recovery room.	When staff are aware of an expected admission preplanning can occur, for example, phone call, identify prior experience, facilitate visit and meet staff, photographing of the area and procedures for the person’s communication book. On the day of the appointment, the person met with learning disability liaison nurse (LDLN), communication book was used, and staff introduced themselves and person was supported by their carer.	RAs need to be made across the person’s journey not just at one point.
						Hospital passport; side room; allowing both parents to stay; providing a low bed; multiple interventions under one anaesthetic.	Hospital traffic light assessment prior to admission. Phone call from the LDLN prior to admission. Individual adjustments considered. Coordinated other services so as all current health needs and procedures to avoid additional further hospital admissions.	Collaborative approached needed.
								RA valued and supports safe effective person-centred care.
								Early engagement and planning are important to success.
Tuffrey-Wijne et al (2014)5UK	To identify the factors that promote and compromise the implementation of reasonable adjusted healthcare services for patients with intellectual disability in acute National Health Service (NHS) hospitals.	Mixed-methods study involving qualitative and quantitative data.	Total participants n=1251	Questionnaires Interviews	An analytic framework derived from the conceptual framework was used to analyse the qualitative and quantitative data.	15 examples of reasonable adjusted health services were provided in the article, some examples below (not all 15).	Delivery of reasonable adjustments are haphazard.	>6 years old.
			Staff questionnaires (n=990).		Data management system QSR NVivo 9.	LDLN providing training for hospital staff.	Major barriers: lack of effective systems for identifying and flagging patients with intellectual disability, lack of staff understanding of the reasonable adjustments that may be needed, lack of clear lines of responsibility and accountability for implementing reasonable adjustments and lack of allocation of additional funding and resources.	Further research needed that describes and quantifies the most frequently needed reasonable adjustments within the hospital pathways of vulnerable patient groups, and the most effective organisational infrastructure required to guarantee their use, together with resource implications.
			Staff interviews (n=68).		IBM SPSS statistics V.19.	Patients with intellectual disability were given a bleep so they did not have to wait in the small waiting area.	Key enablers were the intellectual disability liaison nurse and the ward manager.	The authors suggest that flagging the need for specific reasonable adjustments, rather than the vulnerable condition itself, may address some of the barriers.
			Interviews with adults with intellectual disability (n=33).			A patient with intellectual disability was given an early morning appointment.
			Questionnaires (n=88) and interviews (n=37) with carers of patients with intellectual disability.
			Expert panel discussions (n=42).
Webber et al (2010)47Australia	To report on the hospitalisation experiences of older adults with intellectual disability living in group homes.	Qualitative paper.	n=55	Face-to-face interviews.	In keeping with a theory generating approach, interviews were subject to axial and selective coding.	Time allotted for procedures was extended to accommodate people with intellectual disability.	Hospitalisation rate for the 17 resident participants in this study, over a 2-year period, was 76%.	Need for specific government initiatives to address failure of hospitals to accommodate the needs of this vulnerable population.
		Grounded theory.	Family members (n=17).	Telephone interviews.		Preadmission visits (for a planned procedure) to the hospital with tour of hospital and introduction to people who would be involved in the person’s care.	Findings highlight the difficulty people with ID experience in hospital settings.	Need for research to examine the current supports/programmes in place and learn what works and what needs to be done differently.
			House supervisors (n=16).	130 interviews in total at multiple points.		Early discharge policy for people with intellectual disability.	Extensive strategies undertaken by family members and group home staff to improve hospital experiences.
			Accommodation programme managers (n=11).				There is an absence of systems to accommodate the special needs of people with intellectual disability in hospital settings.
			Staff in aged care facilities (n=11).

Patient and public involvement statement

Patients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination of this review.

Results

Included studies

Figure 1 contains a PRISMA flow chart of the screening process, database searches identified 7767 records across five databases, with a further three identified from other sources totalling 7770. After duplicates were removed 3803 records remained for title and abstract review. Following title and abstract screening, 19 records were retained for full-text screening of which six studies met the inclusion criteria for this scoping review.

Study characteristics

Table 3 provides a summary of the included studies. Of the six included papers one was from Australia (16.7%) and the remaining five were from the UK (83.3%). The papers were published between 2010 and 2019, with three papers (50%) published in the last 5 years. Two (33.3%) papers used mixed methods, one used qualitative (16.7%) and the remaining 3 (50%) were discussion papers that presented a case/s where reasonable adjustments were made.

Evidence of reasonable adjustments

Within the review, individual-level reasonable adjustments were evident prior to and during attendance at the acute hospital. Prior to admission, there was evidence of the person with intellectual disability been accommodated through a preadmission visit,7 47 being provided with a tour of the hospital/unit47 and an introduction to healthcare professionals who would be involved in their care.47 At an individual level, there was evidence of a preparatory visit to the individual’s home by an anaesthetist and a surgeon to prepare an admission plan6 and conduct a preoperative assessment and other relevant risk assessments.6 This visit led to further individual level reasonable adjustments where the person was sedated at home prior to being transferred to hospital for their surgery.6 Other preparatory individual level reasonable adjustments identified in the review include: modification of appointment times and theatre lists,7 8 extended time allocation for procedures to accommodate communication needs47 and/or the facilitation of early morning appointments to avoid crowds and reduce waiting time.34

During the hospital visit or stay, many individual-level reasonable adjustments were evident for people with intellectual disability. These adjustments occurred to support the person during the waiting process, communication process and procedure process. Waiting processes were supported through the provision of side rooms,7 a quiet area8 and a bleep to allow the person the opportunity to move about freely while waiting to be called for their appointment/procedure.34 In supporting the communication process, hospital/healthcare passports/communication books were used.7 48 Within the process of care, individual-level reasonable adjustments were evident where the location of induction of anaesthesia was considered,8 location of recovery was considered8 and the provision for parents to stay7 and parent/carer to be present at the recovery room.8 Other interventions noted were the provision of a low bed7 and availing of the opportunity for routine investigations to be carried out while the person was sedated, for example, routine blood tests and dental check6 or multiple interventions were coordinated while under one anaesthetic.7 Early discharge policies were also evident.47 It is noteworthy here that a fundamental commonality to all papers that reported evidence of reasonable adjustments in practice was the presence of a person or a healthcare professional who had special expertise in intellectual disability. Within this review, these people were identified as an intellectual disability ward champion,48 a practice development nurse for people with intellectual disability and a learning/intellectual disability liaison nurse who provided training to hospital staff.34

Discussion

This is the first review to specifically explore the evidence regarding the implementation of reasonable adjustments for people with intellectual disability within the acute care setting. Within this review, six papers were synthesised, and the evidence generated suggests that while there are publications regarding the need for reasonable adjustments and the associated enablers/barriers to implementation, there is a paucity of evidence about the actual implementation process or evaluation of reasonable adjustments for people with intellectual disability. The lack of international evidence explicitly reporting on the implementation of reasonable adjustments supporting people with intellectual disability within acute healthcare settings is discerning. Despite international policies advocating to reduce barriers and discrimination, the findings from this review indicate that there is a need for health services and professionals to highlight and make visible their contribution to healthcare for people with intellectual disability. A clear message from the literature is that where reasonable adjustments were made for an individual, positive outcomes were evident for all concerned (table 4 summary of evidence). However, while perceived positive outcomes can be identified, there is little information on the actual implementation and evaluation process, and given the requirement to meet the explicit needs of people with intellectual disability within the care process, there is an opportunity for healthcare professionals to contribute to the body of knowledge and identify any reasonable adjustments they make in practice. The strengths of this scoping review are the systematic nature of the search, the data extraction process, the broad review question and inclusion criteria that allowed for a wide range of papers to be included. The primary limitation of this review was the inclusion of English language papers only and a time restriction of publications from the year 2006 onwards, which was chosen to reflect the publication of the UN Convention.31 In addition, the broad terms used in the search strategy may have limited the results, for example, the inclusion of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism in the search may have yielded additional papers. However, the broad terms used such as ‘learning disability’ and ‘developmental disability’ may have incorporated these results. Key to discussing the findings of this review is considering the wider literature and implications for policymakers, practitioners and researchers. While reasonable adjustments are positive measures that can address health inequalities, they need to be supported at an organisational, system and individual level spanning the planning, delivery and evaluation stages.6

Table 4

Summary of evidence

Author	Reasonable adjustment evident	Leadership of reasonable adjustment
Brown et al8	Individualised care approaches supporting staff to make reasonable adjustment to routine practice, for example, providing first appointment and quiet waiting areas.	Intellectual disability liaison nurse – information sharing, assessment, providing advice, capacity and consent issues, discharge planning, risk management and client/carer support.
	Some reasonable adjustments were outside of standard practice and managed well, for example, location of induction of anaesthesia and recovery.
Heslop et al6	A home visit by the anaesthetist and surgeon.	Intellectual disability nurses lead and coordinated the home visit by the consultant anaesthetist and surgeon and supported the development of an admission plan with the person with intellectual disability, their family and carers including a preoperative assessment and relevant risk assessments.
	Admission plan.
	Preoperative assessment and relevant risk assessments completed at home.
	Facilitated patient sedation outside standard practice (ie, at home), prior to transfer to hospital.
	It was arranged to have several routine investigations carried out while the person was sedated, for example, routine blood tests and dental check.
Marsden and Giles48	Practice development nurse for people with intellectual disability alerted via a smartphone app for Apple devices.	Practice development nurse for people with intellectual disability within the hospital. Collaborated with ward nurses, doctor and care workers to support communication and capacity assessment.
	Hospital Communication Book.
	My Healthcare Passport.
	Intellectual disability ward champion.
Phillips7	Preadmission visit.	Intellectual disability liaison nurse coordinated care with ward staff and communication support in conjunction with a speech and language therapist in case study one. In case study two, the learning disability liaison nurse coordinated care across several areas to provide a combined healthcare appointment of dental, audiology, cardiac and anaesthesiology.
	Hospital passport.
	Communication book.
	Being first on the theatre list.
	Having a carer present in the anaesthetic and recovery room.
	Side room made available.
	Allowing both parents to stay.
	Providing a low bed.
	Multiple interventions under one anaesthetic.
Tuffrey-Wijne et al[51]	LDLN providing training for hospital staff.	Intellectual disability liaison nurses provided training for hospital staff.
	Providing patient-held information documents for people with intellectual disability to record key information for the benefit of hospital staff, including likes and dislikes.
	Patients with intellectual disability and their carers attended outpatient appointments were provided with a bleep so they did not have to wait in the small waiting area.
	Facilitated patient sedation outside standard practice (patient sedated in the car park prior to entry to hospital with his consent and his family’s support).
	A preadmission visits organised for people with intellectual disability to look around the ward area.
	A patient who has difficulties coping with tests and treatments had several other necessary tests and treatments carried out involving a range of different clinicians while under general anaesthetic for dental surgery.
	Carers were offered food, a bed and a parking permit.
	Continuity and consistently seeing the same doctor accommodated for a woman with intellectual disability who requested to see the same consultant seen previously. Here the consultant rearranged his schedule so he would always be the doctor to see this patient.
	The medical assessment unit ensures patients with intellectual disability are moved rapidly to the relevant ward.
	No unnecessary ward transfers/changes allowing patients with intellectual disability who only need a few days in hospital to stay on the ward rather than be moved to a different ward.
	Patients with intellectual disability with significant care needs are allocated additional care staff.
	Patients with intellectual disability are allocated a quiet waiting area.
	A patient with intellectual disability was given an early morning and/or a double appointment.
	A patient with intellectual disability who found it difficult to cope with a busy ward environment who required treatment on a day surgery ward where no separate room were available, was given a bed by the window with the curtains pulled round and staff informed the patient exactly what to expect and they coped well with the treatment and environment.
	The carers of patients with intellectual disability are invited to attend the consultant’s ward rounds.
Webber et al47	Time allotted for appointment extended to accommodate people with intellectual disability.	No specialised intellectual disability nurses and carers perceived staff in the acute setting to be generally uncomfortable with or indifferent to the needs of people with intellectual disability. Where there were positive experiences, this occurred where there were clear policies, resources and systems in place to address the needs of people with intellectual disability.
	Preadmission visits (for a planned procedure) to the hospital with tour of hospital and introduction to people who would be involved in the person’s care.
	Early discharge policy for people with intellectual disability.

It is evident in the literature that one of the major barriers to the provision of reasonable adjusted care is the lack of systematic identification and flagging of people in the system,49 which focuses on the adjustment needed rather than the disability or condition.50 51 Identifying and flagging the ‘need for reasonable adjusted care’ rather than flagging the ‘individual with a disability or condition’ may be a more appropriate action for healthcare professionals in the provision of individualised effective safe care for vulnerable people.51 Such an approach has the potential to positively influence healthcare outcomes for other vulnerable populations, for example, people with adaptive functioning resulting from head injuries, dementia or severe mental health illness.52

While a robust identification system would go some way to addressing the lack of implementation of reasonable adjusted care, at a practical level, it must also be acknowledged that people with intellectual disability require very specific supports, for example, extended consultation times or prehospital visits.43 53 It is evident within the literature that healthcare professionals often lack specific knowledge and understanding of intellectual disability and have limited experience of working with this population.54 55 This lack of knowledge and inexperience can give rise to negative attitudes56 57 and misconceptions58 59 that often lead to fear of caring for people with intellectual disability.60 61

The lack of experience39 62 and contact with people with intellectual disability61 63 is further compounded by communication issues when the healthcare professional encounters a person with intellectual disability.39 64 Lack of knowledge and understanding of intellectual disability39 63 is reinforced by limited education on intellectual disability during undergraduate and postgraduate education.65 66 This raises the issue for healthcare educators to develop and deliver educational programmes that address intellectual disability and reasonable adjustments within healthcare delivery. One approach to addressing this educational deficit would be the meaningful inclusion of people with intellectual disability and their advocates in healthcare professional education design, delivery and evaluation.67–69 Such an approach holds the possibility of benefiting both the person with the disability and the learner70 in terms of increased knowledge and understanding and in challenging stereotypes.71 72

These issues are pertinent given the changing landscape of intellectual disability services in recent years with a shift from institutional care to a community care model.73 74 Thereby, people with intellectual disability now access care through mainstream health services, and this has impacted on issues such as health disparities,38 health inequalities75 and health outcomes.76 Within this changing landscape of service provision,77 78 it is essential that healthcare professionals can anticipate and support the holistic needs of people with intellectual disability.6 This calls for a care approach that is truly person centred and tailor made as opposed to the one-size-fits-all approach that has served this population poorly to date.77 79

It is abundantly clear that reasonably adjusted care is a necessary component of a modern healthcare service for people with intellectual disability. This review highlights that the key to successful care provision for people with intellectual disability in acute healthcare services lies clearly with the presence of skilled, knowledgeable and experienced professionals with a background in intellectual disability. There is a growing body of evidence that this expertise can be provided through the provision of a liaison intellectual disability nursing role within the acute care setting.34 76 The intellectual disability nurse has a unique transferrable skill set that could positively impact on care in the acute setting for people with intellectual disability and support the reshaping of healthcare provision.80–84 It is clear within this review that when liaison did occur it was positively received, evaluated and successfully contributed to care.85 86 Such a means of collaborative working could assist in addressing some of the knowledge deficits and education needs described.76 87 Collaborative working has the potential to reduce fragmentation of services and improve continuity and consistency of care, thus increasing patient safety, reducing risk and improving patient outcomes.88 89

Thereby, based on the evidence, we advocate for the implementation of reasonable adjustments to promote equitable and optimum healthcare and to avoid compounding health inequalities for people with intellectual disability. Systematic identification, monitoring and recording of reasonably adjusted care is crucial. Healthcare managers working collaboratively with liaison intellectual disability nurses and other stakeholders can take the lead to promote and support the identification and implementation of reasonable adjustments throughout the entire acute hospital care experience, ensuring healthcare equity and improved healthcare outcomes for people with intellectual disability.6 7 36 38 90

Conclusion

It is important that the healthcare needs of people with intellectual disability are met across the continuum of healthcare provision, including acute care settings.6 However, people with intellectual disability are experiencing hardship accessing and receiving acute care, and international evidence regarding health inequalities experienced by this population is abundant.38 To address such inequalities, reasonable adjustments need to be addressed and implemented. They should be anticipatory and person centred, meaning that measures are taken in advance to ensure that each person’s individual needs are met, thus enhancing care for vulnerable people such as people with intellectual disability.34 As evidenced in this review, the data are scarce, and it appears that research in this area remains largely at the point of identifying what needs to be adjusted rather than reporting evidence of actual implementation. However, the research does highlight the value of the liaison intellectual disability nursing role and service user input in influencing the provision of individualised, equitable and accessible healthcare. In support of a gold standard of healthcare that aligns with international policy, it is imperative that service providers, healthcare professionals and service users actively engage to identify, develop and implement reasonable adjustments within acute healthcare settings.