Gabrielle Farley1, Daniel W Riggs2, Aruni Bhatnagar3, Jason Hellmann4. 1. Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. 2. Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. 3. Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. 4. Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. Electronic address: Jason.hellmann@louisville.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Exercise increases quality of life and lowers all-cause mortality, likely by preventing cardiovascular disease. Although the beneficial effects of exercise are linked with reductions in chronic inflammation, individual responses vary and factors that contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of cardiovascular fitness remain largely undefined. We sought to investigate the role of fatty acids in the inverse relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular fitness. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In this cross-sectional study using data from 435 participants in NHANES and linear regression models with CRP as the outcome, we observed significant negative interactions between VO2max and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) but not saturated, monounsaturated, or omega-6 PUFAs. When stratified by omega-3 PUFA tertiles, participants in the medium tertile, but not low tertile, show an enhanced negative association between VO2max and CRP, with a -32.0% difference (95% CI: -44.95, -15.9%) per 10 mL/kg/min of VO2max. Exploratory factor analysis identified five unique dietary fatty acid (FA) profiles. The FA profile consisting predominantly of omega-3 PUFA had the strongest negative association for VO2max and CRP, with a -28.2% difference in CRP (95% CI: -43.4, -8.9) per 10 mL/kg/min of VO2max. We also found that alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enhanced the negative association between VO2max and CRP, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory response to VO2max capacity is associated with ALA and DHA levels. Males, Whites, and individuals with lower BMI were more sensitive to the effects of omega-3 PUFAs, while having high SFA levels attenuated the benefit. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that omega-3 PUFAs are effect modifiers for VO2max and CRP and that the anti-inflammatory benefits of increasing cardiovascular fitness are associated with omega-3 PUFAs.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Exercise increases quality of life and lowers all-cause mortality, likely by preventing cardiovascular disease. Although the beneficial effects of exercise are linked with reductions in chronic inflammation, individual responses vary and factors that contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of cardiovascular fitness remain largely undefined. We sought to investigate the role of fatty acids in the inverse relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular fitness. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In this cross-sectional study using data from 435 participants in NHANES and linear regression models with CRP as the outcome, we observed significant negative interactions between VO2max and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) but not saturated, monounsaturated, or omega-6 PUFAs. When stratified by omega-3 PUFA tertiles, participants in the medium tertile, but not low tertile, show an enhanced negative association between VO2max and CRP, with a -32.0% difference (95% CI: -44.95, -15.9%) per 10 mL/kg/min of VO2max. Exploratory factor analysis identified five unique dietary fatty acid (FA) profiles. The FA profile consisting predominantly of omega-3 PUFA had the strongest negative association for VO2max and CRP, with a -28.2% difference in CRP (95% CI: -43.4, -8.9) per 10 mL/kg/min of VO2max. We also found that alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enhanced the negative association between VO2max and CRP, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory response to VO2max capacity is associated with ALA and DHA levels. Males, Whites, and individuals with lower BMI were more sensitive to the effects of omega-3 PUFAs, while having high SFA levels attenuated the benefit. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that omega-3 PUFAs are effect modifiers for VO2max and CRP and that the anti-inflammatory benefits of increasing cardiovascular fitness are associated with omega-3 PUFAs.
Authors: H Robert Superko; Scott M Superko; Khurram Nasir; Arthur Agatston; Brenda C Garrett Journal: Circulation Date: 2013-11-05 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Gabrielle Fredman; Jason Hellmann; Jonathan D Proto; George Kuriakose; Romain A Colas; Bernhard Dorweiler; E Sander Connolly; Robert Solomon; David M Jones; Eric J Heyer; Matthew Spite; Ira Tabas Journal: Nat Commun Date: 2016-09-23 Impact factor: 14.919