Mira Anette E Haukilahti1, Tuomas V Kenttä1, Jani T Tikkanen1, Olli Anttonen2, Aapo L Aro3, Tuomas Kerola2, Antti Eranti4, Arttu Holkeri3, Harri Rissanen5, Markku Heliövaara5, Paul Knekt5, M Juhani Junttila1, Heikki V Huikuri1. 1. Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 2. Department of Internal Medicine, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland. 3. Division of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 4. Heart Center, Central Hospital of North Karelia, Joensuu, Finland. 5. Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cardiac death is one of the leading causes of death and sudden cardiac death (SCD) is estimated to cause approximately 50% of cardiac deaths. Men have a higher cardiac mortality than women. Consequently, the mechanisms and risk markers of cardiac mortality are not as well defined in women as they are in men. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic value and possible gender differences of SCD risk markers of standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in three large general population samples. METHODS: The standard 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) markers were analyzed from three different Finnish general population samples including total of 20,310 subjects (49.9% women, mean age 44.8 ± 8.7 years). The primary endpoint was cardiac death, and SCD and all-cause mortality were secondary endpoints. The interaction effect between women and men was assessed for each ECG variable. RESULTS: During the follow-up (7.7 ± 1.2 years), a total of 883 deaths occurred (24.5% women, p < 0.001). There were 296 cardiac deaths (13.9% women, p < 0.001) and 149 SCDs (14.8% women, p < 0.001). Among those who had died due to cardiac cause, women had more often a normal electrocardiogram compared to men (39.0 vs. 27.5%, p = 0.132). After adjustments with common cardiovascular risk factors and the population sample, the following ECG variables predicted the primary endpoint in men: left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with strain pattern (p < 0.001), QRS duration > 110 ms (p < 0.001), inferior or lateral T-wave inversion (p < 0.001) and inferolateral early repolarization (p = 0.033). In women none of the variables remained significant predictors of cardiac death in multivariable analysis, but LVH, QTc ≥ 490 ms and T-wave inversions predicted SCD (p < 0.047 and 0.033, respectively). In the interaction analysis, LVH (HR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2-4.9; p = 0.014) was stronger predictor of primary endpoint in women than in men. CONCLUSION: Several standard ECG variables provide independent information on the risk of cardiac mortality in men but not in women. LVH and T-wave inversions predict SCD also in women.
BACKGROUND: Cardiac death is one of the leading causes of death and sudden cardiac death (SCD) is estimated to cause approximately 50% of cardiac deaths. Men have a higher cardiac mortality than women. Consequently, the mechanisms and risk markers of cardiac mortality are not as well defined in women as they are in men. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic value and possible gender differences of SCD risk markers of standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in three large general population samples. METHODS: The standard 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) markers were analyzed from three different Finnish general population samples including total of 20,310 subjects (49.9% women, mean age 44.8 ± 8.7 years). The primary endpoint was cardiac death, and SCD and all-cause mortality were secondary endpoints. The interaction effect between women and men was assessed for each ECG variable. RESULTS: During the follow-up (7.7 ± 1.2 years), a total of 883 deaths occurred (24.5% women, p < 0.001). There were 296 cardiac deaths (13.9% women, p < 0.001) and 149 SCDs (14.8% women, p < 0.001). Among those who had died due to cardiac cause, women had more often a normal electrocardiogram compared to men (39.0 vs. 27.5%, p = 0.132). After adjustments with common cardiovascular risk factors and the population sample, the following ECG variables predicted the primary endpoint in men: left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with strain pattern (p < 0.001), QRS duration > 110 ms (p < 0.001), inferior or lateral T-wave inversion (p < 0.001) and inferolateral early repolarization (p = 0.033). In women none of the variables remained significant predictors of cardiac death in multivariable analysis, but LVH, QTc ≥ 490 ms and T-wave inversions predicted SCD (p < 0.047 and 0.033, respectively). In the interaction analysis, LVH (HR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2-4.9; p = 0.014) was stronger predictor of primary endpoint in women than in men. CONCLUSION: Several standard ECG variables provide independent information on the risk of cardiac mortality in men but not in women. LVH and T-wave inversions predict SCD also in women.
Authors: H L Greene; D W Richardson; A H Barker; D M Roden; R J Capone; D S Echt; L M Friedman; M J Gillespie; A P Hallstrom; J Verter Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 1989-01-01 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: M Anette E Haukilahti; Lauri Holmström; Juha Vähätalo; Tuomas Kenttä; Jani Tikkanen; Lasse Pakanen; Marja-Leena Kortelainen; Juha Perkiömäki; Heikki Huikuri; Robert J Myerburg; M Juhani Junttila Journal: Circulation Date: 2019-02-19 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Aapo L Aro; Olli Anttonen; Jani T Tikkanen; M Juhani Junttila; Tuomas Kerola; Harri A Rissanen; Antti Reunanen; Heikki V Huikuri Journal: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol Date: 2011-08-13
Authors: Ljuba Bacharova; Haiying Chen; E Harvey Estes; Anton Mateasik; David A Bluemke; Joao A C Lima; Gregory L Burke; Elsayed Z Soliman Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 2014-11-29 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: Jari Antero Laukkanen; Emanuele Di Angelantonio; Hassan Khan; Sudhir Kurl; Kimmo Ronkainen; Pentti Rautaharju Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 2014-01-14 Impact factor: 2.778