Shayan Mostafaei1,2, Babak Sayad3, Maryam Ebadi Fard Azar4, Mohammad Doroudian5, Shima Hadifar6, Ava Behrouzi6, Parisa Riahi7, Bashdar Mahmud Hussen8, Bahareh Bayat9, Javid Sadri Nahand10, Mohsen Moghoofei11. 1. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 2. Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 4. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 6. Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. 7. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran. 8. Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq. 9. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 10. Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 11. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Mohsen.moghoofei@kums.ac.ir.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease. Several risk factors such as smoking, air pollution, inhaled toxins, high body mass index and infectious agents are involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. In the present study, this meta-analysis study investigates the prevalence of viral and bacterial infections in the IPF patients and any possible association between these infections with pathogenesis of IPF. METHODS: The authors carried out this systematic literature review from different reliable databases such as PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar to December 2020.Keywords used were the following "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis", "Infection", "Bacterial Infection" and "Viral Infection", alone or combined together with the Boolean operators "OR", "AND" and "NOT" in the Title/Abstract/Keywords field. Pooled proportion and its 95% CI were used to assess the prevalence of viral and bacterial infections in the IPF patients. RESULTS: In this systematic review and meta-analyses, 32 studies were selected based on the exclusion/inclusion criteria. Geographical distribution of included studies was: eight studies in American people, 8; in European people, 15 in Asians, and one in Africans. The pooled prevalence for viral and bacterial infections w ere 53.72% (95% CI 38.1-69.1%) and 31.21% (95% CI 19.9-43.7%), respectively. The highest and lowest prevalence of viral infections was HSV (77.7% 95% CI 38.48-99.32%), EBV (72.02%, 95% CI 44.65-90.79%) and Influenza A (7.3%, 95% CI 2.66-42.45%), respectively. Whereas the highest and lowest prevalence in bacterial infections were related to Streptococcus sp. (99.49%, 95% CI 96.44-99.9%) and Raoultella (1.2%, 95% CI 0.2-3.08%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review were confirmed that the presence of viral and bacterial infections are the risk factors in the pathogenesis of IPF. In further analyses, which have never been shown in the previous studies, we revealed the geographic variations in the association strengths and emphasized other methodological parameters (e.g., detection method). Also, our study supports the hypothesis that respiratory infection could play a key role in the pathogenesis of IP.
BACKGROUND:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease. Several risk factors such as smoking, air pollution, inhaled toxins, high body mass index and infectious agents are involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. In the present study, this meta-analysis study investigates the prevalence of viral and bacterial infections in the IPF patients and any possible association between these infections with pathogenesis of IPF. METHODS: The authors carried out this systematic literature review from different reliable databases such as PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar to December 2020.Keywords used were the following "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis", "Infection", "Bacterial Infection" and "Viral Infection", alone or combined together with the Boolean operators "OR", "AND" and "NOT" in the Title/Abstract/Keywords field. Pooled proportion and its 95% CI were used to assess the prevalence of viral and bacterial infections in the IPF patients. RESULTS: In this systematic review and meta-analyses, 32 studies were selected based on the exclusion/inclusion criteria. Geographical distribution of included studies was: eight studies in American people, 8; in European people, 15 in Asians, and one in Africans. The pooled prevalence for viral and bacterial infections w ere 53.72% (95% CI 38.1-69.1%) and 31.21% (95% CI 19.9-43.7%), respectively. The highest and lowest prevalence of viral infections was HSV (77.7% 95% CI 38.48-99.32%), EBV (72.02%, 95% CI 44.65-90.79%) and Influenza A (7.3%, 95% CI 2.66-42.45%), respectively. Whereas the highest and lowest prevalence in bacterial infections were related to Streptococcus sp. (99.49%, 95% CI 96.44-99.9%) and Raoultella (1.2%, 95% CI 0.2-3.08%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review were confirmed that the presence of viral and bacterial infections are the risk factors in the pathogenesis of IPF. In further analyses, which have never been shown in the previous studies, we revealed the geographic variations in the association strengths and emphasized other methodological parameters (e.g., detection method). Also, our study supports the hypothesis that respiratory infection could play a key role in the pathogenesis of IP.
Authors: Erik von Elm; Douglas G Altman; Matthias Egger; Stuart J Pocock; Peter C Gøtzsche; Jan P Vandenbroucke Journal: Ann Intern Med Date: 2007-10-16 Impact factor: 25.391
Authors: R Meliconi; P Andreone; L Fasano; S Galli; A Pacilli; R Miniero; M Fabbri; L Solforosi; M Bernardi Journal: Thorax Date: 1996-03 Impact factor: 9.139
Authors: Cynthia M Magro; James Allen; Amy Pope-Harman; W James Waldman; Patrick Moh; Susan Rothrauff; Patrick Ross Journal: Am J Clin Pathol Date: 2003-04 Impact factor: 2.493
Authors: Brian G Kelly; She S Lok; Philip S Hasleton; Jim J Egan; James P Stewart Journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med Date: 2002-08-15 Impact factor: 21.405
Authors: Ismini Lasithiotaki; Katerina M Antoniou; Virginia-Maria Vlahava; Konstantinos Karagiannis; Demetrios A Spandidos; Nikolaos M Siafakas; George Sourvinos Journal: PLoS One Date: 2011-12-20 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Virginia A Folcik; Michela Garofalo; Jack Coleman; James J Donegan; Elazar Rabbani; Saul Suster; Allison Nuovo; Cynthia M Magro; Gianpiero Di Leva; Gerard J Nuovo Journal: Mod Pathol Date: 2013-11-15 Impact factor: 7.842
Authors: Philip L Molyneaux; Michael J Cox; Athol U Wells; Ho Cheol Kim; Wonjun Ji; William O C Cookson; Miriam F Moffatt; Dong Soon Kim; Toby M Maher Journal: Respir Res Date: 2017-02-01
Authors: Carolina F F A Costa; Benedita Sampaio-Maia; Ricardo Araujo; Diana S Nascimento; Joana Ferreira-Gomes; Manuel Pestana; Maria J Azevedo; Ines S Alencastre Journal: Nutrients Date: 2022-01-14 Impact factor: 5.717