Azam Ali Sher1, Bahar E Mustafa2, Sue C Grady3, Joseph C Gardiner4, A Mahdi Saeed5. 1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Environmental and Integrative Toxicological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: sherazam@msu.edu. 2. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Sub-Campus, Toba Tek Singh 36050, Pakistan. Electronic address: bahar.mustafa@uaf.edu.pk. 3. Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: gradys@msu.edu. 4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: gardine3@msu.edu. 5. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: amsaeed33@gmail.com.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of eggs and other food vehicles as risk factors associated with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) outbreaks in order to address the endemicity of SE infections in the USA. METHODS: We retrieved and analyzed data relating to all SE outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between 1990 and 2015. We then used descriptive and analytical statistical methods, including negative binomial regression models for the estimation of rate-ratios, to analyze the data. RESULTS: Analyses showed that egg-based dishes were the most common food vehicle associated with outbreaks of SE in the USA (273 cases [24%]); this was followed by several other food items, including meat (130 cases [11%]), vegetables (96 cases [8%]), chicken items (95 cases [8%]), dairy products (55 cases [5%]), and bakery items (8 cases [1%]). Compared to egg-based dishes, other food items such as meat (exp(β) = 0.51, 95% CI 0.37, 0.69), chicken (exp(β) = 0.42, 95% CI 0.30, 0.58), vegetables (exp(β) = 0.41, 95% CI 0.29, 0.55), and dairy items (exp(β) = 0.27, 95% CI 0.18, 0.40) were significantly associated with outbreaks of SE in the USA. Of 1144 SE outbreaks, 402 (35%) occurred in the Northeast region of the USA, followed by the South (253 [22%]), West (250 [22%]), and Midwestern regions (239 [21%]). CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological and spatiotemporal trends analyses demonstrated that a significant proportions of Salmonella enteritidis outbreaks in the USA are attributed to food vehicles other than eggs. Our findings can be used to plan effective strategies to mitigate the increasing occurrence of foodborne SE outbreaks.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of eggs and other food vehicles as risk factors associated with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) outbreaks in order to address the endemicity of SE infections in the USA. METHODS: We retrieved and analyzed data relating to all SE outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between 1990 and 2015. We then used descriptive and analytical statistical methods, including negative binomial regression models for the estimation of rate-ratios, to analyze the data. RESULTS: Analyses showed that egg-based dishes were the most common food vehicle associated with outbreaks of SE in the USA (273 cases [24%]); this was followed by several other food items, including meat (130 cases [11%]), vegetables (96 cases [8%]), chicken items (95 cases [8%]), dairy products (55 cases [5%]), and bakery items (8 cases [1%]). Compared to egg-based dishes, other food items such as meat (exp(β) = 0.51, 95% CI 0.37, 0.69), chicken (exp(β) = 0.42, 95% CI 0.30, 0.58), vegetables (exp(β) = 0.41, 95% CI 0.29, 0.55), and dairy items (exp(β) = 0.27, 95% CI 0.18, 0.40) were significantly associated with outbreaks of SE in the USA. Of 1144 SE outbreaks, 402 (35%) occurred in the Northeast region of the USA, followed by the South (253 [22%]), West (250 [22%]), and Midwestern regions (239 [21%]). CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological and spatiotemporal trends analyses demonstrated that a significant proportions of Salmonella enteritidis outbreaks in the USA are attributed to food vehicles other than eggs. Our findings can be used to plan effective strategies to mitigate the increasing occurrence of foodborne SE outbreaks.
Authors: Sueli Aparecida Fernandes; Ana Terezinha Tavechio; Ângela Cristina Rodrigues Ghilardi; Elisabete Aparecida de Almeida; Josefa Maria Lopes da Silva; Carlos Henrique Camargo; Monique Ribeiro Tiba-Casas Journal: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo Date: 2022-09-30 Impact factor: 2.169