Treatment rationale for coronary heart disease in advanced CKD.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied by coronary artery disease (CAD) in most patients. In this article we describe differences in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CAD compared with patients without kidney impairment. The histological phenotype as well as the clinical presentation of acute and chronic coronary syndromes differ from those of patients with normal kidney function. The risk of cardiovascular events including death is strikingly increased with higher stages of CKD. Traditional but even more nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors are contributing to this increase. Screening and diagnostic procedures show limited sensitivity and specificity. Lifestyle modification is important for reducing the progression of both CKD and CAD. A special emphasis should be placed on physical exercising. Equally important is a strict antihypertensive therapy due to the very high incidences of hypertension in CKD patients. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-system is imperative providing that adverse effects can be managed. Target blood pressure should be at 130 mm Hg systolic. Antiglycemic treatment should be implemented with metformin and SGLT2-inhibitors as first-line therapy, and glomerular filtration rate thresholds must be respected for both drugs. The risk of hypoglycemia is increased with worsening kidney function. Statins are indicated for up to stage 5 CKD. When a revascularization procedure is indicated (percutaneous intervention or bypass grafting), higher rates or peri-interventional morbidity and mortality must be anticipated. Taken together, the available literature on patients with CKD and CAD is clearly restricted compared with that on CAD patients with preserved kidney function. Mechanisms of arteriosclerosis and atheromatosis in CKD deserve more attention in the future. One major innovation in the field is SGLT2-inhibitor treatment with its concordant advantages for kidney and cardiac protection.