Xiaojiao Jiao1, Jiangling Liu1, Jing Jin2, Fei Cheng1, Yunxin Fan1, Lu Zhang1, Guoqiao Lai1, Xilin Hua1, Xiongfa Yang1. 1. Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Education Ministry, College of Material, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China. 2. Taizhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Taizhou 318020, China.
Abstract
Flexibility and mechanical performance are essential for transparent silicone materials applied in some optical and electronic devices; however, the tensile strength of transparent silicone materials is fairly low. To overcome this problem, a kind of UV-cured transparent flexible silicone material with quite a high tensile strength and elongation at break was developed through UV-initiated thiol-ene reaction by hyperbranched silicon-containing polymers (HBPs) with a thiol substitute and acrylate-terminated polyurethanes. Unexpectedly, it is found that both the tensile strength and elongation at break of the transparent silicone materials are extraordinarily high, which can reach 3.40 MPa and 270.0%, respectively. The UV-cured materials have good UV resistance ability because their transmittance is still as high as 93.4% (800 nm) even when aged for 40 min in a UV chamber of 10.6 mW cm-2. They exhibit outstanding adhesion to substrates, and the adhesion to a glass slide, wood, and a tin plate is grade 1. The promising results encourage us to further improve the mechanical performance of flexible transparent silicone materials by effective chemical modification strategies with HBPs. An attempt was made to apply the UV-cured materials in a Gel-Pak box and it could be proved that the UV-cured materials may be one of the good candidates for use as packaging or protecting materials of optical or electronics devices such as the Gel-Pak product.
Flexibility and mechanical performance are essential for transparent silicone materials applied in some optical and electronic devices; however, the tensile strength of transparent silicone materials is fairly low. To overcome this problem, a kind of UV-cured transparent flexible silicone material with quite a high tensile strength and elongation at break was developed through UV-initiated thiol-ene reaction by hyperbranched silicon-containing polymers (HBPs) with a thiol substitute and acrylate-terminated polyurethanes. Unexpectedly, it is found that both the tensile strength and elongation at break of the transparent silicone materials are extraordinarily high, which can reach 3.40 MPa and 270.0%, respectively. The UV-cured materials have good UV resistance ability because their transmittance is still as high as 93.4% (800 nm) even when aged for 40 min in a UV chamber of 10.6 mW cm-2. They exhibit outstanding adhesion to substrates, and the adhesion to a glass slide, wood, and a tin plate is grade 1. The promising results encourage us to further improve the mechanical performance of flexible transparent silicone materials by effective chemical modification strategies with HBPs. An attempt was made to apply the UV-cured materials in a Gel-Pak box and it could be proved that the UV-cured materials may be one of the good candidates for use as packaging or protecting materials of optical or electronics devices such as the Gel-Pak product.
Flexibility
and mechanical performance are essential for transparent
polymer materials having promising applications in some optical and
electronic device packaging or protecting.[1−4] Transparent silicone elastomers
are important candidates in optical and electronics fields by virtue
of their conspicuous properties such as UV resistance ability, a wide
range of service temperatures, electrical insulating property, and
so on.[5−10] Despite these merits for transparent silicone materials, the tensile
strength of unreinforced pure silicone materials is not higher than
0.4 MPa.[11−13] Although commercial silicone elastomers Sylgard 184
and 186 and their blends have superior tensile strength than unreinforced
pure silicone materials, their tensile strength is still no more than
2.4 MPa.[3,10] The tensile strength of silicone materials
can be obviously improved by adding various inorganic fillers such
as nano-SiO2[14] and carbon nanotubes;[15] unfortunately, the transmittance of these silicone
composites generally is too low to meet the requirements of optical
devices.[13] Since optical transmittance
is vastly sought-after for optical devices,[3,13] effective
chemical modification strategies have been developed to enhance the
mechanical properties of transparent silicone materials.[13,16,17]As we know, polyurethanes
(PUs) are one of the high-quality elastomers
due to their excellent performance such as excellent physical, chemical,
and mechanical properties.[18−21] Kim and co-workers prepared a series of polydimethylsiloxane–PU
elastomers with a tensile strength of 6.75–10.22 MPa and an
elongation at break of 23.2–50.2%.[22] Kozakiewicz developed moisture-cured polysiloxane urethane elastomers
with a tensile strength 4.0–17.4 MPa and an elongation at break
of 340–740%.[23] These materials have
a fairly high tensile strength, but their transmittance (400–800
nm) is quite low, making it difficult to apply them in optical devices.
Cheng et al. reported that the tensile strength of cured films from
UV-curable polyether-modified polysiloxane polyurethane acrylate (PUAs)
can reach 2.0 ± 0.3–19.8 ± 2.2 MPa, the elongation
at break was in the range of 3.8 ± 0.3–92.2 ± 10.2%,
and transmittance was as high as 80% (400–800 nm).[17] Recently, a kind of PU-modified material reported
by Liu et al. has also displayed excellent mechanical properties.[24,25] These interesting studies urge us to develop transparent silicone
materials with good flexibility and mechanical performance by introduction
of flexible PU segments into the main or side chain of the silicone
materials.As one of the most important hyperbranched polymers
(HBPs), silicon-containing
HBPs have attracted specific interest due to their potential as silicon
carbide ceramic precursors, optical materials, modifiers of composites,
and so on.[26] Transparent silicone elastomers
with a tensile strength as high as 2.4 MPa were developed with hyperbranched
polycarbosiloxanes and thiol silicone resins by our group recently,[13] which induced us to try to further improve the
tensile strength and elongation at break of transparent flexible silicone
materials by chemical modification strategies with silicon-containing
HBPs.Apart from the relatively low tensile strength mentioned
above,
most of the transparent silicone materials should be cured either
at an elevated temperature by hydrosilylation or by humidity for quite
a long time through condensation reaction, which is usually energy-intensive,
time-consuming, and not suitable for heat-sensitive or dimensional
stability requirement devices.[27] The UV
curing method has been widely used in electronics, coatings, printing
inks, and adhesives for its extensive merits over the traditional
curing method including more energy conservation, higher efficiency
at ambient temperature, being environmentally friendly, and being
economical.[28−35]To overcome the problems discussed above, a kind of UV-cured
transparent
flexible silicone materials with quite a high tensile strength and
elongation at break were developed through UV-initiated thiol–ene
reaction by hyperbranched siliconepolymer with thiol substitute (HBPSH)
and PUAs. The features of fabrication and performance of the UV-cured
materials including tensile strength, transmittance, thermal stability,
UV resistance ability, and adhesion properties to various substrates
were discussed in detail. An attempt was made to apply UV-cured materials
in a Gel-Pak box and it could be proved that the UV-cured materials
may be one of the good candidates for use as packaging or protecting
materials of optical or electronics devices such as a Gel-Pak product.
The promising results of this work can encourage scientists to further
improve the mechanical performance of flexible transparent silicone
materials by effective chemical modification strategies with HBPs
and expand the application of flexible transparent silicone materials
in optical and electronic devices.
Results
and Discussion
Fabrication of UV-Cured
Flexible Transparent
Silicone Materials
Influence of Various
PUAs on the UV-Cured
Silicone Materials
As can be seen from Table S1 and Scheme S1, the chemical structure of PUAs and
the cross-linking density of the materials will be greatly affected
by the molar ratio of 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (TMP) to polytetramethylene
ether glycol (PTMG). Therefore, various PUAs prepared with different
amounts of TMP will affect the performance of the UV-cured materials
obtained. It is clearly indicated in Table that with the increment of TMP in PUAs,
the degree of the curing content of these materials increased from
91.3 to 98.9% and the pencil hardness increased from 4H to even higher
than 9H. As we know, coatings are mostly used for substrate protection,
so they must exhibit fairly high hardness to resist a scratch.[36] The fairly high pencil hardness (4H–9H)
will ensure the good scratch-resistant performance of the UV-cured
coatings obtained.[28] Previous studies reveal
that the hardness of coatings mostly relies on the chemical skeleton
of the polymer and the cross-linking density of the polymer network.[37,38] To evaluate the cross-linking density of the UV-cured materials,
a swelling experiment was carried out as shown in Table S2. It can be seen that the swelling degree (SD) of
the UV-cured materials decreased steadily with increasing molar ratio
of TMP to PTMG when the molar ratio of TMP to PTMG is in the range
of 5:100–20:10. Therefore, the steady increment of pencil hardness
of the UV-cured materials may be due to the increasing cross-linking
density with the increasing TMP content of the PUAs.[39]
Table 1
Influence of Various PUAs on the Performances
of Coatingsa
entry
PUAs
molar ratio of TMP to PTMG
degree of
curing content/%
pencil hardness
surface
water contact angle/deg
water absorption/%
1
PUA-1
5:100
91.3
4H
99.0
0.9
2
PUA-2
10:100
93.6
7H
100.8
0.8
3
PUA-3
15:100
92.2
8H
103.3
0.4
4
PUA-4
20:100
98.2
9H
105.1
0.5
5
PUA-5
25:100
98.9
9H
102.1
0.8
Conditions: the materials were cured
for 50 s. The molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl is 1:2.
Conditions: the materials were cured
for 50 s. The molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl is 1:2.It also can be seen that the surface
water contact angle of these
materials is 99.0–105.1°, which may be ascribed to the
hydrophobicity of the HBP. The water absorption of these UV-cured
materials is as low as 0.5–0.9%, which may illustrate that
the UV-cured materials have a fairly good water resistance performance.
Influence of Curing Time on the UV-Cured
Silicone Materials
UV curing time has a very important impact
on the performance of UV-cured materials, in order to determine the
effect of which the UV-cured systems were cured for different times
and the results are summarized in Table . It can be observed clearly from Table that the coatings
have an advantage of high pencil hardness. The pencil hardness of
the coatings can reach 5H and the degree of curing content can reach
84.7%, respectively, even when the curing time is only 20 s, which
implies that the coatings can be cured very quickly. The pencil hardness
is as high as 9H when the coating was cured for 40 s and the pencil
hardness can be even higher than 9H if the curing time is longer than
50 s. As reported previously, the pencil hardness of the UV-cured
PUs coatings is generally in the range of 2B and HB and not more than
2H; therefore, these UV-cured PUs are at great risk of being scratched
during the course of storage and transportation.[28,40,41] Not long ago, a kind of UV-cured transparent
coatings were prepared with the thiol silicone resin and PUA through
a thiol–ene click reaction by our group, the pencil hardness
of which was in the range of 6B–9H.[28] Compared with those coatings reported previously, the transparent
coatings prepared here exhibit a much higher pencil hardness, which
will reduce the risk of being scratched.
Table 2
Influence
of Curing Timea
entry
curing time/s
degree of curing content/%
pencil hardness
surface water contact angle/deg
water absorption/%
1
20
84.7
5H
99.7
0.6
2
30
88.6
8H
100.9
0.3
3
40
92.5
9H
102.8
0.4
4
50
96.5
9H
104.4
0.5
5
60
96.8
9H
104.9
0.8
Conditions: PUA is PUA-4. Molar
ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl is 1:2.
Conditions: PUA is PUA-4. Molar
ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl is 1:2.It also can be observed that the degree of curing
content increased
continuously from 84.7 to 96.5% when the curing time increased from
20 to 50 s, whereas if the curing time was longer than 60 s, the variation
of UV time will scarcely have an effect on the degree of curing content,
which denotes that the coatings were cured completely by the UV-initiated
thiol–ene reaction only for 50 s. To seek the optimum UV-cured
time, the FT-IR spectra of the coatings cured for various times, HBPSH
and PUA were carried out as shown by Figure . The characteristic peaks at 2570 cm–1 for mercaptopropyl groups, characteristic absorption
at 1635 and 813 cm–1 for C=C and =C–H
of acrylates were very weak even when the coating was only cured for
20 s. When the UV-cured time is 50 s, the characteristic peaks for
mercaptopropyl groups and acrylate groups vanished completely. It
further proved that the coating can be cured completely for 50 s.
Figure 1
FT-IR
spectra of HBPSH, PUA-4, and the coatings cured for various
times.
FT-IR
spectra of HBPSH, PUA-4, and the coatings cured for various
times.
Influence
of Molar Ratio of Acrylate to
Mercaptopropyl on the UV-Cured Silicone Materials
The effect
of molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl is revealed by Table . When the molar ratio
of acrylate to mercaptopropyl increases from 0.8 to 2.0, the degree
of curing content increases from 74.8 to 97.3%, the pencil hardness
of the UV-cured materials increases from 4B to higher than 9H, while
water absorption decreases from 2.8 to 0.8%, and surface water contact
angle slightly changes from 99.1 to 108.2° (Figure S5). A higher molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl
scarcely has an effect on the performance of the UV-cured materials,
which is quite similar to the results reported.[28]
Table 3
Influence of Molar Ratio of Acrylate
to Mercaptopropyla
entry
molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl
degree of curing content/%
pencil hardness
surface water contact angle/deg
water absorption/%
1
0.8
74.8
4B
99.1
2.8
2
1.0
82.1
2B
98.9
1.0
3
1.5
87.3
7H
100.7
0.9
4
2.0
97.3
9H
108.2
0.8
5
2.5
95.3
9H
105.9
0.7
Conditions: PUA is PUA-4. The other
conditions were the same as in Table .
Conditions: PUA is PUA-4. The other
conditions were the same as in Table .
Performance of UV-Cured Materials
Transmittance
As we know, optical
transmittance is extensively sought, especially for optics and “invisible”
wearable sensors.[3,5] The transmittance of the UV-cured
materials obtained with various molar ratios of acrylate to mercaptopropyl
is shown in Figure , which exhibits that the UV-cured materials obtained have an outstanding
transmittance higher than 92.0% within the visible light of 400–800
nm. Especially, when the molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl
is 2.0:1, the UV-cured material exhibits the highest transmittance
in the range of 95.0–99.5% (400–800 nm). By comparison,
the transmittance of UV-cured materials in this study is far higher
than that of UV-cured polyether-modified polysiloxane PUA reported
by Cheng et al. (80%, 400–800 nm).[17] These results indicate that the UV-cured materials may be suitable
candidates for package or protecting optical devices.
Figure 2
Transmittance of UV-cured
materials prepared with various molar
ratios of acrylate to mercaptopropyl.
Transmittance of UV-cured
materials prepared with various molar
ratios of acrylate to mercaptopropyl.
Flexibility and Mechanical Performance
Elastomers for fabricating soft and stretchable optical and electronics
devices primarily require high tensile strength and high elongation
at break.[3] Development of flexible silicone
materials with both good mechanical performance and fairly high transmittance
is still a challenge.[3,5,10,13,16] Unexpectedly,
it is found that the UV-cured materials peeled from glass slides demonstrate
good flexibility because they do not break after being bent, twisted
(shown by Figure ),
and stretched (shown by Video S1) repeatedly,
which induce us to further study the tensile performance of the UV-cured
materials obtained. It is observed from the stress–strain curves
shown in Figure a
that when the molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl increases
from 0.8:1 to 2.0:1, the tensile strength and elongation at break
of the materials increase from 0.73 to 3.40 MPa and 167.0 to 249.0%,
respectively. A further increment of the molar ratio of acrylate to
mercaptopropyl will lead to a decline of tensile strength and elongation
at break, which may due to excessive cross-linking of UV-cured materials.
Figure 3
Photos
for UV-cured materials (be bent and twisted) peeled from
glass slides. (a) UV-cured materials prepared with various molar ratios
of acrylate to mercaptopropyl. (b) UV-cured materials prepared with
various PUAs prepared with different molar ratios of TMP to PTMG.
Figure 4
Stress–strain curves of UV-cured materials.
Photos
for UV-cured materials (be bent and twisted) peeled from
glass slides. (a) UV-cured materials prepared with various molar ratios
of acrylate to mercaptopropyl. (b) UV-cured materials prepared with
various PUAs prepared with different molar ratios of TMP to PTMG.Stress–strain curves of UV-cured materials.The mechanical performance of UV-cured materials
also was affected
by the PUAs prepared with various molar ratios of TMP to PTMG as shown
in Figure b. It reveals
that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the materials
increase with the increasing molar ratio of TMP to PTMG in the range
of 5:100–20:100. A further increment of molar ratio of TMP
to PTMG will lead to a decreasing tensile strength and elongation
at break, which may be due to the excessive cross-linking of UV-cured
materials.As reported previously, the tensile strength of unreinforced
pure
silicone materials with high transmittance is generally no more than
0.4 MPa.[11,12] Also, as discussed above, though commercial
silicone elastomers Sylgard 184, 186, and their blends have superior
tensile strength, their tensile strength is still no more than 2.4
MPa.[3,10] The tensile strength and elongation at break
of UV-cured transparent silicone materials with sulfur-containing
hyperbranched polycarbosilane and thiol silicone resin by our group
are 2.2 MPa and 21.4%, respectively.[13] On
the basis of these results, it can be deduced that the UV-cured materials
have outstanding flexibility and mechanical performance.
Thermal Stability
The thermal stability
of the transparent materials for some optical or electronics devices
is essential because the materials may endure a fairy high temperature
due to the heat generated at the operation of these devices.[42] However, the degradation temperature corresponding
to 5% weight loss (Td5%) of conventional
PUs is generally lower than 200 °C.[28,43,44] It can be seen from the TGA curves shown
in Figure that the Td5% of the materials obtained increases from
203.4 to 281.0 °C when the molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl
increases from 0.8:1 to 2.5:1, which is obviously higher than those
of the conventional PUs reported.[28,43,44]
Figure 5
TGA curves of UV-cured materials prepared with various
molar ratios
of acrylate to mercaptopropyl.
TGA curves of UV-cured materials prepared with various
molar ratios
of acrylate to mercaptopropyl.
UV Resistance Property
As we know,
the UV resistance property is quite important for optical materials,
especially for the materials’ application in optical devices
exposed to UV or outdoor long term. To investigate the UV resistance
property of UV-cured materials, the materials were aged in a UV test
chamber of 10.6 mW cm–2 for various times (Figure ). According to Figure , yellowing increases
step by step with increasing irradiation time in the UV chamber. The
UV-cured material turns slightly yellow when it is aged for about
10 min. However, the transmittance of the material is still as high
as 93.4% (800 nm) after being exposed to UV for 40 min (Figure ). It can be confirmed that
the UV-cured material has fairly good UV resistance properties.
Figure 6
Photos for
UV resistance measurement of a UV-cured material (sample
4 in Table ) aged
in a UV test chamber of 10.6 mW cm–2.
Figure 7
Transmittance for a UV-cured material (sample 4 in Table ) before and after UV resistance
measurement.
Photos for
UV resistance measurement of a UV-cured material (sample
4 in Table ) aged
in a UV test chamber of 10.6 mW cm–2.Transmittance for a UV-cured material (sample 4 in Table ) before and after UV resistance
measurement.
Adhesion
Property
Good adhesion
between the packaging or protecting materials and the substrates of
optical or electronics devices is an essential requirement,[5,28,36] which is assessed by a cross-cut
test as shown by Figure and Table . When
the molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl is 2.0:1, the UV-cured
materials exhibit the best adhesion to substrates and the adhesion
to a glass slide, wood, and a tin plate is grade 1, while the adhesion
to an aluminum plate is relatively poor and is of grade 2. It denotes
that the UV-cured materials possess a fairly good adhesion property
to a glass slide, wood, and a tin plate.
Figure 8
Photos for the adhesive
experiments of the coatings on various
substrates. (a) On glass slides. (b) On wood. (c) On tin plates. (d)
On aluminum plates.
Table 4
Adhesive
Properties of the Coatings
on Various Substratesa
glass
slides
wood
tin
plates
aluminum
plates
molar ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl
DR/%
grade
DR/%
grade
DR/%
grade
DR/%
grade
0.8:1
12
2
11
2
15
2
47
4
1.0:1
10
2
10
2
8
2
22
3
1.5:1
10
2
7
2
7
2
20
3
2.0:1
4
1
4
1
5
1
11
2
2.5:1
7
2
7
2
14
2
14
2
DR: means
detachment ratio.
Photos for the adhesive
experiments of the coatings on various
substrates. (a) On glass slides. (b) On wood. (c) On tin plates. (d)
On aluminum plates.DR: means
detachment ratio.
Application in a Self-Adsorption Gel Box
The Gel-Pak
product is designed to protect and store sensitive
and valuable devices and samples such as semiconductor devices, sensors,
micromechanical devices, optical materials, and biomedical devices
during transportation, processing, inspection, and assembly. To assess
the potential utility of the UV-cured transparent silicone materials
in the Gel-Pak product, the hyperbranched silicone polymers containing
mercaptopropyl substitutes and PUA-4 were mixed according to the molar
ratio of acrylate to mercaptopropyl of 2.0:1 and the mixtures were
degassed in vacuum and then poured into a Gel-Pak box. The UV-curable
system in a Gel-Pak box was cured for 50 s and then two transparent
samples were put onto the Gel-Pak product shown in Figure . It is illustrated by Figure that the sensitive
and valuable devices are loaded and automatically adsorbed on the
surface of the UV-cured material even when the box was placed vertically.
It can be concluded that the UV-cured materials may be one of the
good candidates for use as packaging or protecting materials of optical
or electronics devices such as a Gel-Pak product.
Figure 9
Photos for the Gel-Pak
product prepared by a UV-cured material.
Conditions: the conditions are the same as in sample 4 in Table .
Photos for the Gel-Pak
product prepared by a UV-cured material.
Conditions: the conditions are the same as in sample 4 in Table .
Experimental Section
Materials
PTMG (Mn = 2000, AR), poly propylene
glycol (Mn = 1000, AR), neopentyl glycol
(NPG, AR), isophorone
diisocyanate (AR), ditin butyl dilaurate (AR), TMP (AR), hydroxypropyl
acrylate (AR), and 3-trimethoxysilylpropanethiol (AR) were purchased
from Beijing HWRK Chem. Co., Ltd. Various PUAs were synthesized by
varying the mole ratio of the raw materials according to the work
reported by our group as shown in Table S1.[28]
Synthesis
of Hyperbranched Silicon-Containing
Polymers Containing Mercaptopropyl Substitutes
A hyperbranched
silicone-containing polymer with mercaptopropyl substitutes (HBPSH)
was synthesized according to Scheme .[45,46] 17.706 g of NPG (0.17 mol) and
19.634 g of 3-trimethoxysilylpropanethiol (0.1 mol) were added into
a 50 mL four-necked flask equipped with a thermometer, a top stirrer,
a N2 gas inlet, and a distilling setup at room temperature.
Then, the mixture was heated and kept at around 100 °C until
some distillate was distilled off. Then, the mixture was heated to
about 160 °C and the distillate kept at a temperature below 78
°C until the distillate temperature dropped below 55 °C.
Subsequently, the residual small molecules were taken off under 110
°C/30 mmHg and a transparent liquid with good fluidity of a hyperbranched
silicone-containing polymer bearing mercaptopropyl and hydroxyl groups,
recorded as HBPSH, was prepared. The 1H NMR, 29Si NMR, FT-IR spectrum, and SEC curve are shown in Figures S1–S4, respectively.
Scheme 1
Synthesis Route for HBPSH
1H NMR spectrum (400 Hz, shown in Figure S1): 3.86–3.80, 3.78–3.45, and 3.37 ppm
correspond to −SiOC2C(CH3)2C2OSi– & HOCH2C(CH3)2C2OSi–, HOC2C(CH3)2CH2O–, −SiOC3, respectively. 1.85–1.64 and 1.40–1.23
ppm are assigned to −SiCH2CH2CH2S and −SiCH2C2CH2SH, respectively.
1.10–0.97 ppm are assigned to −SiOCH2C(C3)2CH2OSi–
& HOCH2C(C3)2CH2OSi–. 2.60–2.48 and 1.05–0.66
ppm are assigned to −SiCH2CH2C2SH and −SiC2CH2CH2SH, respectively.29Si NMR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the
HBPSH obtained as shown in Figure S2. It
can be seen that the HBPSH mainly has two different chemical shifts
at −44.56 and −45.02 ppm, respectively, attributed to
the complete branched and the incomplete branched Si, which is according
to ref (46).It can be revealed by the FT-IR spectrum in Figure S3 that the characteristic peaks at 3343, 2570, and
1057 cm–1 can be ascribed to residual −OH
groups, mercaptopropyl groups, and Si–O–C bonds, respectively.
It can be found that the −OH group appears to have a much weaker
absorption due to the reaction of a large number of −OH groups
with −OCH3 groups in 3-trimethoxysilylpropanethiol.[45,46]Figure S4 reveals that the HBPSH
prepared
is with an average number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 2.90 × 103. It should be pointed
that the α constant of Mark–Houwink–Sakurada is
0.282 (±0.072%), which proves that the HBPSH prepared is a kind
of HBP.
Preparation of UV-Cured Materials
The UV-cured materials were prepared according to Scheme similar to refs (47) and (48). As a typical procedure,
about 0.4 g of homogeneous mixtures of HBPSH and PUAs was deposited
on about half of the glass slides and kept away from light for 24
h under ambient temperature to let the coatings be as smooth as possible;
then, the coatings with a thickness of about 0.5 mm were cured by
UV (ZB1000, Changzhou Zibo Electron Technology Co., Ltd., laser wavelength
365 nm, radiation intensity 10.6 mW cm–2, the distance
of the slides to the light is 20 cm). Specially, if the UV-cured materials
were prepared to be flexible transparent silicone films peeled off
from glass slides, about 1.6 g homogeneous mixtures of HBPSH and PUAs
were deposited on the total of the glass slides and kept away from
light for 24 h at ambient temperature; then, the coatings with a thickness
of about 0.7 mm were cured by UV before the films were peeled from
the glass slides.
Scheme 2
Preparation of UV-Cured Materials
Characterization
1H NMR
and 29Si -NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE
AV400 (400 MHz) spectrometer and a Bruker AVANCE AV600 (600 MHz) spectrometer,
respectively, in CDCl3 without tetramethylsilane as the
internal reference in a quartz NMR tube. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis
of coatings scraped from the glass slides was performed on a Nicolet
700 spectrometer (Nicolet Co., Ltd., USA). Thermal properties of the
coatings were examined by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG 209C, Netzsch,
German) in which samples were heated from ambient temperature to 550
°C at a rate of 10 °C min–1 in an N2 atmosphere. The SEC curve of HBPSH was recorded on a Waters
1515 (USA) with tetrahydrofuran as the fluent. The tensile test of
the films (6 mm × 0.7 mm × 8 mm strips) scraped from the
slides was carried out according to GB/T 528-2009/ISO 37:2005 on an
UH6503D electronic tensile testing machine (Optimal Hung Measurement
& Control Technology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd). The load is 100 N at
a loading rate of 60 mm/min. Transmittance, pencil hardness, degree
of curing contents, and adhesion property were measured according
to refs.[13,28,47] UV resistance
measurement of the UV-cured material was conducted in a UV test chamber
of 10.6 mW cm–2. The cross-linking density of UV-cured
materials was evaluated by a swelling experiment similar to the reference
shown in Table S3.[39] The higher the SD, the lower the cross-linking density of UV-cured
materials will be. The samples were immersed in toluene for 72 h and
SD expressed as SD = [m0/ρe + (m – m0)/ρs]/(m0/ρe), where m0 and m refer to the masses
of the unswollen and swollen material (in g), respectively, and ρe and ρs refer to the density of the UV-cured
material and toluene (in g cm–3), respectively.
The density of the UV-cured material was measured by the drainage
method.
Conclusions
In this
work, it was demonstrated that UV-cured flexible transparent
silicone materials for optical and electronic devices could be fabricated
by HBPSHs and PUAs. Unexpectedly, it is found that the film of the
UV-cured materials demonstrates extraordinary flexibility because
it did not break after being bent, twisted, and stretched repeatedly.
Compared to the silicone materials with high transmittance, it is
found that both the tensile strength and elongation at break of the
transparent silicone materials are extraordinarily high, which can
reach 3.40 MPa and 270.0%, respectively. The pencil hardness of the
cured materials is in the range of 2B–9H, transmittance could
reach 95.0–99.5% (400–800 nm), and the starting decomposition
temperature is about 203.4–281.0 °C. Yellowing of the
materials increases step by step with increasing irradiation time
in the UV chamber of 10.6 mW cm–2, and the transmittance
of the materials is still as high as 93.4% (800 nm) even though they
were aged for 40 min. They exhibit outstanding adhesion to substrates,
and the adhesion to a glass slide, wood, and a tin plate is grade
1. An attempt was made to apply the UV-cured materials in the Gel-Pak
box and it could be proved that the UV-cured materials may be one
of the good candidates for use as packaging or protecting materials
of optical or electronics devices such as the Gel-Pak product. The
promising results of this work can encourage scientists to further
improve the mechanical performance of flexible transparent silicone
materials by effective chemical modification strategies with HBPs
and expand the application of flexible transparent silicone materials
in optical and electronic devices.
Authors: Sungjune Park; Kunal Mondal; Robert M Treadway; Vikash Kumar; Siyuan Ma; James D Holbery; Michael D Dickey Journal: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces Date: 2018-03-26 Impact factor: 9.229