Configuration-Dependent Optimal Impedance Control of an Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation Manipulandum.

Robots are becoming a popular means of rehabilitation since they can decrease the laborious work of a therapist, and associated costs, and provide well-controlled repeatable tasks. Many researchers have postulated that human motor control can be mathematically represented using optimal control theories, whereby some cost function is effectively maximized or minimized. However, such abilities are compromised in stroke patients. In this study, to promote rehabilitation of the stroke patient, a rehabilitation robot has been developed using optimal control theory. Despite numerous studies of control strategies for rehabilitation, there is a limited number of rehabilitation robots using optimal control theory. The main idea of this work is to show that impedance control gains cannot be kept constant for optimal performance of the robot using a feedback linearization approach. Hence, a general method for the real-time and optimal impedance control of an end-effector-based rehabilitation robot is proposed. The controller is developed for a 2 degree-of-freedom upper extremity stroke rehabilitation robot, and compared to a feedback linearization approach that uses the standard optimal impedance derived from covariance propagation equations. The new method will assign optimal impedance gains at each configuration of the robot while performing a rehabilitation task. The proposed controller is a linear quadratic regulator mapped from the operational space to the joint space. Parameters of the two controllers have been tuned using a unified biomechatronic model of the human and robot. The performances of the controllers were compared while operating the robot under four conditions of human movements (impaired, healthy, delayed, and time-advanced) along a reference trajectory, both in simulations and experiments. Despite the idealized and approximate nature of the human-robot model, the proposed controller worked well in experiments. Simulation and experimental results with the two controllers showed that, compared to the standard optimal controller, the rehabilitation system with the proposed optimal controller is assisting more in the active-assist therapy while resisting in active-constrained case. Furthermore, in passive therapy, the proposed optimal controller maintains the position error and interaction forces in safer regions. This is the result of updating the impedance in the operational space using a linear time-variant impedance model.