Yao Liu1,2, Xueying Zhuang1,2, Si Yu1, Ning Yang1, Jianhong Zeng1, Xuemei Liu1,2, Xu Chen3,4. 1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China. 2. Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China. 3. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China. chenxu@cmu.edu.cn. 4. Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China. chenxu@cmu.edu.cn.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of complex critical-size defects (CSD) in the craniofacial region is a major challenge, and soft tissue regeneration is crucial in determining the therapeutic outcomes of craniofacial CSD. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) are neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are homologous to cells in craniofacial tissue and represent a promising source for craniofacial tissue regeneration. Exosomes, which contain compound bioactive compounds, are the key factors in stem cell paracrine action. However, the roles of exosomes derived from SCAP (SCAP-Exo) in tissue regeneration are not fully understood. Here, we explored the effects and underlying mechanisms of SCAP-Exo on CSD in maxillofacial soft tissue. METHODS: SCAP-Exo were isolated and identified by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The effects of SCAP-Exo on wound healing and vascularization were detected by measuring the wound area and performing histological and immunofluorescence analysis on the palatal gingival CSD of mice. Real-time live-cell imaging and functional assays were used to assess the effects of SCAP-Exo on the biological functions of endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of SCAP-Exo-mediated EC angiogenesis in vitro were tested by immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and pull-down assays. Finally, in vivo experiments were carried out to verify whether SCAP-Exo could affect vascularization and wound healing through cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42). RESULTS: We found that SCAP-Exo promoted tissue regeneration of palatal gingival CSD by enhancing vascularization in the early phase in vivo and that SCAP-Exo improved the angiogenic capacity of ECs in vitro. Mechanistically, SCAP-Exo elevated cell migration by improving cytoskeletal reorganization of ECs via Cdc42 signalling. Furthermore, we revealed that SCAP-Exo transferred Cdc42 into the cytoplasm of ECs and that the Cdc42 protein could be reused directly by recipient ECs, which resulted in the activation of Cdc42-dependent filopodium formation and elevation in cell migration of ECs. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that SCAP-Exo had a superior effect on angiogenesis and effectively promoted craniofacial soft tissue regeneration. These data provide a new option for SCAP-Exo to be used in a cell-free approach to optimize tissue regeneration in the clinic.
BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of complex critical-size defects (CSD) in the craniofacial region is a major challenge, and soft tissue regeneration is crucial in determining the therapeutic outcomes of craniofacial CSD. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) are neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are homologous to cells in craniofacial tissue and represent a promising source for craniofacial tissue regeneration. Exosomes, which contain compound bioactive compounds, are the key factors in stem cell paracrine action. However, the roles of exosomes derived from SCAP (SCAP-Exo) in tissue regeneration are not fully understood. Here, we explored the effects and underlying mechanisms of SCAP-Exo on CSD in maxillofacial soft tissue. METHODS:SCAP-Exo were isolated and identified by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The effects of SCAP-Exo on wound healing and vascularization were detected by measuring the wound area and performing histological and immunofluorescence analysis on the palatal gingival CSD of mice. Real-time live-cell imaging and functional assays were used to assess the effects of SCAP-Exo on the biological functions of endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of SCAP-Exo-mediated EC angiogenesis in vitro were tested by immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and pull-down assays. Finally, in vivo experiments were carried out to verify whether SCAP-Exo could affect vascularization and wound healing through cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42). RESULTS: We found that SCAP-Exo promoted tissue regeneration of palatal gingival CSD by enhancing vascularization in the early phase in vivo and that SCAP-Exo improved the angiogenic capacity of ECs in vitro. Mechanistically, SCAP-Exo elevated cell migration by improving cytoskeletal reorganization of ECs via Cdc42 signalling. Furthermore, we revealed that SCAP-Exo transferred Cdc42 into the cytoplasm of ECs and that the Cdc42 protein could be reused directly by recipient ECs, which resulted in the activation of Cdc42-dependent filopodium formation and elevation in cell migration of ECs. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that SCAP-Exo had a superior effect on angiogenesis and effectively promoted craniofacial soft tissue regeneration. These data provide a new option for SCAP-Exo to be used in a cell-free approach to optimize tissue regeneration in the clinic.
Authors: Joost P G Sluijter; Vera Verhage; Janine C Deddens; Frederieke van den Akker; Pieter A Doevendans Journal: Cardiovasc Res Date: 2014-01-30 Impact factor: 10.787
Authors: Dylan Burger; Jose L Viñas; Shareef Akbari; Hajira Dehak; William Knoll; Alex Gutsol; Anthony Carter; Rhian M Touyz; David S Allan; Kevin D Burns Journal: Am J Pathol Date: 2015-06-12 Impact factor: 4.307
Authors: Xiaoxing Kou; Xingtian Xu; Chider Chen; Maria Laura Sanmillan; Tao Cai; Yanheng Zhou; Claudio Giraudo; Anh Le; Songtao Shi Journal: Sci Transl Med Date: 2018-03-14 Impact factor: 17.956
Authors: Nolan B Seim; Matthew Old; Daniel Petrisor; William Thomas; Akash Naik; Alia J Mowery; Stephen Kang; Ryan Li; Mark K Wax Journal: Oral Oncol Date: 2019-12-18 Impact factor: 5.337
Authors: Clotilde Théry; Kenneth W Witwer; Elena Aikawa; Maria Jose Alcaraz; Johnathon D Anderson; Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina; Anna Antoniou; Tanina Arab; Fabienne Archer; Georgia K Atkin-Smith; D Craig Ayre; Jean-Marie Bach; Daniel Bachurski; Hossein Baharvand; Leonora Balaj; Shawn Baldacchino; Natalie N Bauer; Amy A Baxter; Mary Bebawy; Carla Beckham; Apolonija Bedina Zavec; Abderrahim Benmoussa; Anna C Berardi; Paolo Bergese; Ewa Bielska; Cherie Blenkiron; Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz; Eric Boilard; Wilfrid Boireau; Antonella Bongiovanni; Francesc E Borràs; Steffi Bosch; Chantal M Boulanger; Xandra Breakefield; Andrew M Breglio; Meadhbh Á Brennan; David R Brigstock; Alain Brisson; Marike Ld Broekman; Jacqueline F Bromberg; Paulina Bryl-Górecka; Shilpa Buch; Amy H Buck; Dylan Burger; Sara Busatto; Dominik Buschmann; Benedetta Bussolati; Edit I Buzás; James Bryan Byrd; Giovanni Camussi; David Rf Carter; Sarah Caruso; Lawrence W Chamley; Yu-Ting Chang; Chihchen Chen; Shuai Chen; Lesley Cheng; Andrew R Chin; Aled Clayton; Stefano P Clerici; Alex Cocks; Emanuele Cocucci; Robert J Coffey; Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva; Yvonne Couch; Frank Aw Coumans; Beth Coyle; Rossella Crescitelli; Miria Ferreira Criado; Crislyn D'Souza-Schorey; Saumya Das; Amrita Datta Chaudhuri; Paola de Candia; Eliezer F De Santana; Olivier De Wever; Hernando A Del Portillo; Tanguy Demaret; Sarah Deville; Andrew Devitt; Bert Dhondt; Dolores Di Vizio; Lothar C Dieterich; Vincenza Dolo; Ana Paula Dominguez Rubio; Massimo Dominici; Mauricio R Dourado; Tom Ap Driedonks; Filipe V Duarte; Heather M Duncan; Ramon M Eichenberger; Karin Ekström; Samir El Andaloussi; Celine Elie-Caille; Uta Erdbrügger; Juan M Falcón-Pérez; Farah Fatima; Jason E Fish; Miguel Flores-Bellver; András Försönits; Annie Frelet-Barrand; Fabia Fricke; Gregor Fuhrmann; Susanne Gabrielsson; Ana Gámez-Valero; Chris Gardiner; Kathrin Gärtner; Raphael Gaudin; Yong Song Gho; Bernd Giebel; Caroline Gilbert; Mario Gimona; Ilaria Giusti; Deborah Ci Goberdhan; André Görgens; Sharon M Gorski; David W Greening; Julia Christina Gross; Alice Gualerzi; Gopal N Gupta; Dakota Gustafson; Aase Handberg; Reka A Haraszti; Paul Harrison; Hargita Hegyesi; An Hendrix; Andrew F Hill; Fred H Hochberg; Karl F Hoffmann; Beth Holder; Harry Holthofer; Baharak Hosseinkhani; Guoku Hu; Yiyao Huang; Veronica Huber; Stuart Hunt; Ahmed Gamal-Eldin Ibrahim; Tsuneya Ikezu; Jameel M Inal; Mustafa Isin; Alena Ivanova; Hannah K Jackson; Soren Jacobsen; Steven M Jay; Muthuvel Jayachandran; Guido Jenster; Lanzhou Jiang; Suzanne M Johnson; Jennifer C Jones; Ambrose Jong; Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman; Stephanie Jung; Raghu Kalluri; Shin-Ichi Kano; Sukhbir Kaur; Yumi Kawamura; Evan T Keller; Delaram Khamari; Elena Khomyakova; Anastasia Khvorova; Peter Kierulf; Kwang Pyo Kim; Thomas Kislinger; Mikael Klingeborn; David J Klinke; Miroslaw Kornek; Maja M Kosanović; Árpád Ferenc Kovács; Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers; Susanne Krasemann; Mirja Krause; Igor V Kurochkin; Gina D Kusuma; Sören Kuypers; Saara Laitinen; Scott M Langevin; Lucia R Languino; Joanne Lannigan; Cecilia Lässer; Louise C Laurent; Gregory Lavieu; Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez; Soazig Le Lay; Myung-Shin Lee; Yi Xin Fiona Lee; Debora S Lemos; Metka Lenassi; Aleksandra Leszczynska; Isaac Ts Li; Ke Liao; Sten F Libregts; Erzsebet Ligeti; Rebecca Lim; Sai Kiang Lim; Aija Linē; Karen Linnemannstöns; Alicia Llorente; Catherine A Lombard; Magdalena J Lorenowicz; Ákos M Lörincz; Jan Lötvall; Jason Lovett; Michelle C Lowry; Xavier Loyer; Quan Lu; Barbara Lukomska; Taral R Lunavat; Sybren Ln Maas; Harmeet Malhi; Antonio Marcilla; Jacopo Mariani; Javier Mariscal; Elena S Martens-Uzunova; Lorena Martin-Jaular; M Carmen Martinez; Vilma Regina Martins; Mathilde Mathieu; Suresh Mathivanan; Marco Maugeri; Lynda K McGinnis; Mark J McVey; David G Meckes; Katie L Meehan; Inge Mertens; Valentina R Minciacchi; Andreas Möller; Malene Møller Jørgensen; Aizea Morales-Kastresana; Jess Morhayim; François Mullier; Maurizio Muraca; Luca Musante; Veronika Mussack; Dillon C Muth; Kathryn H Myburgh; Tanbir Najrana; Muhammad Nawaz; Irina Nazarenko; Peter Nejsum; Christian Neri; Tommaso Neri; Rienk Nieuwland; Leonardo Nimrichter; John P Nolan; Esther Nm Nolte-'t Hoen; Nicole Noren Hooten; Lorraine O'Driscoll; Tina O'Grady; Ana O'Loghlen; Takahiro Ochiya; Martin Olivier; Alberto Ortiz; Luis A Ortiz; Xabier Osteikoetxea; Ole Østergaard; Matias Ostrowski; Jaesung Park; D Michiel Pegtel; Hector Peinado; Francesca Perut; Michael W Pfaffl; Donald G Phinney; Bartijn Ch Pieters; Ryan C Pink; David S Pisetsky; Elke Pogge von Strandmann; Iva Polakovicova; Ivan Kh Poon; Bonita H Powell; Ilaria Prada; Lynn Pulliam; Peter Quesenberry; Annalisa Radeghieri; Robert L Raffai; Stefania Raimondo; Janusz Rak; Marcel I Ramirez; Graça Raposo; Morsi S Rayyan; Neta Regev-Rudzki; Franz L Ricklefs; Paul D Robbins; David D Roberts; Silvia C Rodrigues; Eva Rohde; Sophie Rome; Kasper Ma Rouschop; Aurelia Rughetti; Ashley E Russell; Paula Saá; Susmita Sahoo; Edison Salas-Huenuleo; Catherine Sánchez; Julie A Saugstad; Meike J Saul; Raymond M Schiffelers; Raphael Schneider; Tine Hiorth Schøyen; Aaron Scott; Eriomina Shahaj; Shivani Sharma; Olga Shatnyeva; Faezeh Shekari; Ganesh Vilas Shelke; Ashok K Shetty; Kiyotaka Shiba; Pia R-M Siljander; Andreia M Silva; Agata Skowronek; Orman L Snyder; Rodrigo Pedro Soares; Barbara W Sódar; Carolina Soekmadji; Javier Sotillo; Philip D Stahl; Willem Stoorvogel; Shannon L Stott; Erwin F Strasser; Simon Swift; Hidetoshi Tahara; Muneesh Tewari; Kate Timms; Swasti Tiwari; Rochelle Tixeira; Mercedes Tkach; Wei Seong Toh; Richard Tomasini; Ana Claudia Torrecilhas; Juan Pablo Tosar; Vasilis Toxavidis; Lorena Urbanelli; Pieter Vader; Bas Wm van Balkom; Susanne G van der Grein; Jan Van Deun; Martijn Jc van Herwijnen; Kendall Van Keuren-Jensen; Guillaume van Niel; Martin E van Royen; Andre J van Wijnen; M Helena Vasconcelos; Ivan J Vechetti; Tiago D Veit; Laura J Vella; Émilie Velot; Frederik J Verweij; Beate Vestad; Jose L Viñas; Tamás Visnovitz; Krisztina V Vukman; Jessica Wahlgren; Dionysios C Watson; Marca Hm Wauben; Alissa Weaver; Jason P Webber; Viktoria Weber; Ann M Wehman; Daniel J Weiss; Joshua A Welsh; Sebastian Wendt; Asa M Wheelock; Zoltán Wiener; Leonie Witte; Joy Wolfram; Angeliki Xagorari; Patricia Xander; Jing Xu; Xiaomei Yan; María Yáñez-Mó; Hang Yin; Yuana Yuana; Valentina Zappulli; Jana Zarubova; Vytautas Žėkas; Jian-Ye Zhang; Zezhou Zhao; Lei Zheng; Alexander R Zheutlin; Antje M Zickler; Pascale Zimmermann; Angela M Zivkovic; Davide Zocco; Ewa K Zuba-Surma Journal: J Extracell Vesicles Date: 2018-11-23