Amber Kunkel1,2, Chea Nguon3, Sophea Iv4, Srean Chhim4, Dom Peov4, Phanith Kong4, Saorin Kim5, Sarun Im6, Mark Debackere7, Nimol Khim5, Jean Popovici5, Sreynet Srun5, Amélie Vantaux5, Jean-Olivier Guintran8, Benoit Witkowski5, Patrice Piola4. 1. Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. agkunkel@gmail.com. 2. Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. agkunkel@gmail.com. 3. National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 4. Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 5. Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 6. Partners for Development, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 7. Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 8. World Health Organization, Cambodia Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Rapid elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia is a goal with both national and international significance. Transmission of malaria in Cambodia is limited to forest environments, and the main population at risk consists of forest-goers who rely on forest products for income or sustenance. The ideal interventions to eliminate malaria from this population are unknown. METHODS: In two forested regions of Cambodia, forest-goers were trained to become forest malaria workers (FMWs). In one region, FMWs performed mass screening and treatment, focal screening and treatment, and passive case detection inside the forest. In the other region, FMWs played an observational role for the first year, to inform the choice of intervention for the second year. In both forests, FMWs collected blood samples and questionnaire data from all forest-goers they encountered. Mosquito collections were performed in each forest. RESULTS: Malaria prevalence by PCR was high in the forest, with 2.3-5.0% positive for P. falciparum and 14.6-25.0% positive for Plasmodium vivax among forest-goers in each study site. In vectors, malaria prevalence ranged from 2.1% to 9.6%, but no P. falciparum was observed. Results showed poor performance of mass screening and treatment, with sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests equal to 9.1% (95% CI 1.1%, 29.2%) for P. falciparum and 4.4% (95% CI 1.6%, 9.2%) for P. vivax. Malaria infections were observed in all demographics and throughout the studied forests, with no clear risk factors emerging. CONCLUSIONS: Malaria prevalence remains high among Cambodian forest-goers, but performance of rapid diagnostic tests is poor. More adapted strategies to this population, such as intermittent preventive treatment of forest goers, should be considered.
BACKGROUND: Rapid elimination of Plasmodium falciparummalaria in Cambodia is a goal with both national and international significance. Transmission of malaria in Cambodia is limited to forest environments, and the main population at risk consists of forest-goers who rely on forest products for income or sustenance. The ideal interventions to eliminate malaria from this population are unknown. METHODS: In two forested regions of Cambodia, forest-goers were trained to become forest malaria workers (FMWs). In one region, FMWs performed mass screening and treatment, focal screening and treatment, and passive case detection inside the forest. In the other region, FMWs played an observational role for the first year, to inform the choice of intervention for the second year. In both forests, FMWs collected blood samples and questionnaire data from all forest-goers they encountered. Mosquito collections were performed in each forest. RESULTS:Malaria prevalence by PCR was high in the forest, with 2.3-5.0% positive for P. falciparum and 14.6-25.0% positive for Plasmodium vivax among forest-goers in each study site. In vectors, malaria prevalence ranged from 2.1% to 9.6%, but no P. falciparum was observed. Results showed poor performance of mass screening and treatment, with sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests equal to 9.1% (95% CI 1.1%, 29.2%) for P. falciparum and 4.4% (95% CI 1.6%, 9.2%) for P. vivax. Malaria infections were observed in all demographics and throughout the studied forests, with no clear risk factors emerging. CONCLUSIONS:Malaria prevalence remains high among Cambodian forest-goers, but performance of rapid diagnostic tests is poor. More adapted strategies to this population, such as intermittent preventive treatment of forest goers, should be considered.
Entities:
Keywords:
Cambodia; Forest; Forest-goers; Greater mekong subregion; Malaria; Mass screening and treatment; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Rapid diagnostic test
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