Stany Perkisas1,2,3, Sophie Bastijns4, Stéphane Baudry5,6, Jürgen Bauer7, Charlotte Beaudart8,9,6, David Beckwée10,11, Alfonso Cruz-Jentoft12, Jerzy Gasowski13, Hans Hobbelen14,15, Harriët Jager-Wittenaar16,17, Agnieszka Kasiukiewicz18, Francesco Landi19, Magdalena Małek13, Ester Marco20, Anna Maria Martone19, Ana Merello de Miguel12, Karolina Piotrowicz13, Elisabet Sanchez12, Dolores Sanchez-Rodriguez8,21, Aldo Scafoglieri22,6, Maurits Vandewoude4,6, Veronique Verhoeven23, Zyta Beata Wojszel18, Anne-Marie De Cock4,23. 1. University Center of Geriatrics, University of Antwerp, Leopoldstraat 26, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium. Stany.perkisas@zna.be. 2. First Line and Interdisciplinary Care Medicine, ELIZA, University of Antwerp, 2650, Edegem, Belgium. Stany.perkisas@zna.be. 3. Belgian Ageing Muscle Society, Liège, Belgium. Stany.perkisas@zna.be. 4. University Center of Geriatrics, University of Antwerp, Leopoldstraat 26, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium. 5. Laboratory of Applied Biology and Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiologie (LAB Neuro), Belgian Ageing Muscle Society, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. 6. Belgian Ageing Muscle Society, Liège, Belgium. 7. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Carl von Ossietzky University, Klinikum, Oldenburg, Germany. 8. World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium. 9. Department of Health Services Research, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 10. Rehabilitation Sciences Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. 11. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. 12. Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain. 13. Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. 14. Healthy Lifestyle, Ageing and Healthcare Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Centre of Expertise Healthy Ageing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 15. Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 16. Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 17. Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 18. Department of Geriatrics, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland. 19. Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy. 20. Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Parc de Salut Mar, Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat International de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. 21. Geriatrics Department, Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. 22. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. 23. First Line and Interdisciplinary Care Medicine, ELIZA, University of Antwerp, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
Abstract
PURPOSE: In 2018, the SARCUS working group published a first article on the standardization of the use of ultrasound to assess muscle. Recommendations were made for patient positioning, system settings and components to be measured. Also, shortcomings in knowledge were mentioned. An important issue that still required standardization was the definition of anatomical landmarks for many muscles. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in Medline, SCOPUS and Web of Sciences looking for all articles describing the use of ultrasound in the assessment of muscle not described in the first recommendations, published from 01/01/2018 until 31/01/2020. All relevant terms used for older people, ultrasound and muscles were used. RESULTS: For 39 muscles, different approaches for ultrasound assessment were found that likely impact the values measured. Standardized anatomical landmarks and measuring points were proposed for all muscles/muscle groups. Besides the five already known muscle parameters (muscle thickness, cross-section area, pennation angle, fascicle length and echo-intensity), four new parameters are discussed (muscle volume, stiffness, contraction potential and microcirculation). The former SARCUS article recommendations are updated with this new information that includes new muscle groups. CONCLUSIONS: The emerging field of ultrasound assessment of muscle mass only highlights the need for a standardization of measurement technique. In this article, guidelines are updated and broadened to provide standardization instructions for a large number of muscles.
PURPOSE: In 2018, the SARCUS working group published a first article on the standardization of the use of ultrasound to assess muscle. Recommendations were made for patient positioning, system settings and components to be measured. Also, shortcomings in knowledge were mentioned. An important issue that still required standardization was the definition of anatomical landmarks for many muscles. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in Medline, SCOPUS and Web of Sciences looking for all articles describing the use of ultrasound in the assessment of muscle not described in the first recommendations, published from 01/01/2018 until 31/01/2020. All relevant terms used for older people, ultrasound and muscles were used. RESULTS: For 39 muscles, different approaches for ultrasound assessment were found that likely impact the values measured. Standardized anatomical landmarks and measuring points were proposed for all muscles/muscle groups. Besides the five already known muscle parameters (muscle thickness, cross-section area, pennation angle, fascicle length and echo-intensity), four new parameters are discussed (muscle volume, stiffness, contraction potential and microcirculation). The former SARCUS article recommendations are updated with this new information that includes new muscle groups. CONCLUSIONS: The emerging field of ultrasound assessment of muscle mass only highlights the need for a standardization of measurement technique. In this article, guidelines are updated and broadened to provide standardization instructions for a large number of muscles.
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