Alexandra Havdahl1,2,3,4, Cristan Farmer5, Synnve Schjølberg2, Anne-Siri Øyen1,2, Pål Surén2, Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud2, Per Magnus2, Michaeline Bresnahan6,7, Mady Hornig7, Ezra Susser6,7, W Ian Lipkin7,8, Catherine Lord9, Camilla Stoltenberg2,10, Audrey Thurm5, Somer Bishop11. 1. Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway. 2. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. 3. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 4. PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 5. Pediatrics & Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 6. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. 7. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA. 8. Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health and Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 9. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 10. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 11. UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Delayed walking is common in intellectual disability (ID) but may be less common when ID occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies examining this were limited by reliance on clinical samples and exclusion of children with severe motor deficits. OBJECTIVE: To examine in a population-based sample if age of walking is differentially related to intellectual ability in children with ASD versus other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). METHODS: Participants were from the nested Autism Birth Cohort Study of the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Cox proportional hazards regression assessed if diagnosis (ASD n = 212 vs. NDD n = 354), continuous nonverbal IQ, and their interaction, were associated with continuous age of walking. RESULTS: The relationship between nonverbal IQ and age of walking was stronger for NDD than for ASD (Group × nonverbal IQ interaction, χ2 = 13.93, p = .0002). This interaction was characterized by a 21% decrease in the likelihood of walking onset at any given time during the observation period per 10-point decrease in nonverbal IQ (hazard ratio = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.78-0.85) in the NDD group compared to 8% (hazard ratio = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.98) in the ASD group. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that age of walking is less strongly related to low intellectual ability in children with ASD than in children without other NDDs supports the hypothesis that ID in ASD may result from heterogeneous developmental pathways. Late walking may be a useful stratification variable in etiological research focused on ASD and other NDDs.
BACKGROUND: Delayed walking is common in intellectual disability (ID) but may be less common when ID occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies examining this were limited by reliance on clinical samples and exclusion of children with severe motor deficits. OBJECTIVE: To examine in a population-based sample if age of walking is differentially related to intellectual ability in children with ASD versus other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). METHODS: Participants were from the nested Autism Birth Cohort Study of the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Cox proportional hazards regression assessed if diagnosis (ASD n = 212 vs. NDD n = 354), continuous nonverbal IQ, and their interaction, were associated with continuous age of walking. RESULTS: The relationship between nonverbal IQ and age of walking was stronger for NDD than for ASD (Group × nonverbal IQ interaction, χ2 = 13.93, p = .0002). This interaction was characterized by a 21% decrease in the likelihood of walking onset at any given time during the observation period per 10-point decrease in nonverbal IQ (hazard ratio = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.78-0.85) in the NDD group compared to 8% (hazard ratio = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.98) in the ASD group. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that age of walking is less strongly related to low intellectual ability in children with ASD than in children without other NDDs supports the hypothesis that ID in ASD may result from heterogeneous developmental pathways. Late walking may be a useful stratification variable in etiological research focused on ASD and other NDDs.
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Authors: Eline Vlasblom; Magda M Boere-Boonekamp; Esther Hafkamp-de Groen; Elise Dusseldorp; Paula van Dommelen; Paul H Verkerk Journal: PLoS One Date: 2019-03-28 Impact factor: 3.240