BACKGROUND: At the start of the 2019-2020 influenza season, concern arose that circulating B/Victoria viruses of the globally emerging clade V1A.3 were antigenically drifted from the strain included in the vaccine. Intense B/Victoria activity was followed by circulation of genetically diverse A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses that were also antigenically drifted. We measured vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the United States against illness from these emerging viruses. METHODS: We enrolled outpatients aged ≥6 months with acute respiratory illness at 5 sites. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using the test-negative design, we determined influenza VE by virus subtype/lineage and genetic subclades by comparing odds of vaccination in influenza cases versus test-negative controls. RESULTS: Among 8845 enrollees, 2722 (31%) tested positive for influenza, including 1209 (44%) for B/Victoria and 1405 (51%) for A(H1N1)pdm09. Effectiveness against any influenza illness was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32-44), 45% (95% CI: 37-52) against B/Victoria and 30% (95% CI: 21-39) against A(H1N1)pdm09-associated illness. Vaccination offered no protection against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses with antigenically drifted clade 6B.1A 183P-5A+156K HA genes (VE 7%; 95% CI: -14 to 23%) which predominated after January. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination provided protection against influenza illness, mainly due to infections from B/Victoria viruses. Vaccine protection against illness from A(H1N1)pdm09 was lower than historically observed effectiveness of 40%-60%, due to late-season vaccine mismatch following emergence of antigenically drifted viruses. The effect of drift on vaccine protection is not easy to predict and, even in drifted years, significant protection can be observed. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020.
BACKGROUND: At the start of the 2019-2020 influenza season, concern arose that circulating B/Victoria viruses of the globally emerging clade V1A.3 were antigenically drifted from the strain included in the vaccine. Intense B/Victoria activity was followed by circulation of genetically diverse A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses that were also antigenically drifted. We measured vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the United States against illness from these emerging viruses. METHODS: We enrolled outpatients aged ≥6 months with acute respiratory illness at 5 sites. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using the test-negative design, we determined influenza VE by virus subtype/lineage and genetic subclades by comparing odds of vaccination in influenza cases versus test-negative controls. RESULTS: Among 8845 enrollees, 2722 (31%) tested positive for influenza, including 1209 (44%) for B/Victoria and 1405 (51%) for A(H1N1)pdm09. Effectiveness against any influenza illness was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32-44), 45% (95% CI: 37-52) against B/Victoria and 30% (95% CI: 21-39) against A(H1N1)pdm09-associated illness. Vaccination offered no protection against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses with antigenically drifted clade 6B.1A 183P-5A+156K HA genes (VE 7%; 95% CI: -14 to 23%) which predominated after January. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination provided protection against influenza illness, mainly due to infections from B/Victoria viruses. Vaccine protection against illness from A(H1N1)pdm09 was lower than historically observed effectiveness of 40%-60%, due to late-season vaccine mismatch following emergence of antigenically drifted viruses. The effect of drift on vaccine protection is not easy to predict and, even in drifted years, significant protection can be observed. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020.
Authors: Edward A Belongia; Melissa D Simpson; Jennifer P King; Maria E Sundaram; Nicholas S Kelley; Michael T Osterholm; Huong Q McLean Journal: Lancet Infect Dis Date: 2016-04-06 Impact factor: 25.071
Authors: Hideyuki Ikematsu; Frederick G Hayden; Keiko Kawaguchi; Masahiro Kinoshita; Menno D de Jong; Nelson Lee; Satoru Takashima; Takeshi Noshi; Kenji Tsuchiya; Takeki Uehara Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2020-07-08 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Stephanie A Irving; James G Donahue; David K Shay; Tina L Ellis-Coyle; Edward A Belongia Journal: Vaccine Date: 2009-09-01 Impact factor: 3.641
Authors: Mark W Tenforde; Jessie Chung; Emily R Smith; H Keipp Talbot; Christopher H Trabue; Richard K Zimmerman; Fernanda P Silveira; Manjusha Gaglani; Kempapura Murthy; Arnold S Monto; Emily T Martin; Huong Q McLean; Edward A Belongia; Lisa A Jackson; Michael L Jackson; Jill M Ferdinands; Brendan Flannery; Manish M Patel Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2021-08-02 Impact factor: 20.999
Authors: Scott Epperson; C Todd Davis; Lynnette Brammer; Anwar Isa Abd Elal; Noreen Ajayi; John Barnes; Alicia P Budd; Erin Burns; Peter Daly; Vivien G Dugan; Alicia M Fry; Yunho Jang; Sara Jo Johnson; Krista Kniss; Rebecca Kondor; Lisa A Grohskopf; Larisa Gubareva; Angiezel Merced-Morales; Wendy Sessions; James Stevens; David E Wentworth; Xiyan Xu; Daniel Jernigan Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Date: 2019-10-11 Impact factor: 17.586
Authors: Manjusha Gaglani; Anupama Vasudevan; Chandni Raiyani; Kempapura Murthy; Wencong Chen; Michael Reis; Edward A Belongia; Huong Q McLean; Michael L Jackson; Lisa A Jackson; Richard K Zimmerman; Mary Patricia Nowalk; Arnold S Monto; Emily T Martin; Jessie R Chung; Sarah Spencer; Alicia M Fry; Brendan Flannery Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2021-04-08 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: Brendan Flannery; Jessie R Chung; Arnold S Monto; Emily T Martin; Edward A Belongia; Huong Q McLean; Manjusha Gaglani; Kempapura Murthy; Richard K Zimmerman; Mary Patricia Nowalk; Michael L Jackson; Lisa A Jackson; Melissa A Rolfes; Sarah Spencer; Alicia M Fry Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2019-05-17 Impact factor: 20.999
Authors: Carlos G Grijalva; Leora R Feldstein; H Keipp Talbot; Michael Aboodi; Adrienne H Baughman; Samuel M Brown; Jonathan D Casey; Heidi L Erickson; Matthew C Exline; D Clark Files; Kevin W Gibbs; Adit A Ginde; Michelle N Gong; Natasha Halasa; Akram Khan; Christopher J Lindsell; Samuel K Nwosu; Ithan D Peltan; Matthew E Prekker; Todd W Rice; Nathan I Shapiro; Jay S Steingrub; William B Stubblefield; Mark W Tenforde; Manish M Patel; Wesley H Self Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2021-10-20 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: Cynthia Y Tang; Karen Segovia; Jane A McElroy; Tao Li; Minhui Guan; Xiaojian Zhang; Shamita Misra; Jun Hang; Xiu-Feng Wan Journal: Viruses Date: 2021-09-22 Impact factor: 5.048
Authors: Jessie R Chung; Sara S Kim; Rebecca J Kondor; Catherine Smith; Alicia P Budd; Sara Y Tartof; Ana Florea; H Keipp Talbot; Carlos G Grijalva; Karen J Wernli; C Hallie Phillips; Arnold S Monto; Emily T Martin; Edward A Belongia; Huong Q McLean; Manjusha Gaglani; Michael Reis; Krissy Moehling Geffel; Mary Patricia Nowalk; Juliana DaSilva; Lisa M Keong; Thomas J Stark; John R Barnes; David E Wentworth; Lynnette Brammer; Erin Burns; Alicia M Fry; Manish M Patel; Brendan Flannery Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Date: 2022-03-11 Impact factor: 17.586